Nanomaterials especially functional inorganic nanomaterials exhibit a range of unique inherent physical and chemical properties useful in biomedicine.Starting from 2009, our research group has been working on the development of functional nanomaterials including sp2 carbon nanomaterials (carbon nanotubes and graphene), rare earth up-conversion nanoparticles (UCNPs), organic nanoparticles, and multifunctional composite nanostructures for applications in multimodal biomedical imaging, drug and gene delivery, as well as novel photo-therapies of cancer.