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The programmed death-1 (PD-1) molecule is an immunoreceptor,which belongs to the CD28 family and is inducibly expressed on activated T cells,NKT cells,B cells,and myeloid cells.Recent studies have shown that PD-1 is overexpressed on several chronic viral infected T cells,and the PD-1/PD-L (PD-1 ligand) pathway can mediate exhaustion of viral-specific CD8+ T cells during chronic viral infection of animal models.These studies also demonstrate that blocking the PD-1/PD-L pathway increases T cell proliferation and effector cytokine production.So,the blocking PD-1/PD-L may be a new therapeutic option for these diseases.