The discovery of antibiotics has increased the chances of survival in infectious diseases and changed the behavior of society towards modern medicines.The optimism was great and it looked like the pharmaceutical industry was going to keep making new antibiotics and stay a step ahead of the antibiotic-resistant bacteria.Nevertheless,the optimism overextended and antibiotics became the first treatment for cases such as viruses where antibiotics are unnecessary and ineffective.This led to antibiotic resistance,a two-fold problem,consisting of the unnecessary excessive use of existing antibiotics and the lack of development of novel antibiotics.These two sub-problems can be approached from two different perspectives: from a national perspective and from a global perspective.This research will aim to find out why it is difficult to solve the antibiotic resistance problem and what needs to be done to reduce or slow down the spread of antibiotic resistance.To understand the antibiotic resistance problem from a domestic perspective,we will have to find out why the market of new antibiotics has failed.Public-Private Partnerships are seen as a promising solution for the pipeline of new antibiotics,which is why their contributions and risks are analyzed.From a global perspective,a global national action plan would be desirable to combat the resistance.However,there are certain difficulties that form an obstacle to implement such national action plans.The current spread of resistance has shown us that a borderless global health threat should be tackled with global coordinated cooperation to mitigate its emergence and spread.A legally global treaty might be a suitable solution to enhance this type of coordination among countries.