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月见草(Oenothera biennis L.)是一种傍晚开浅黄花朵的多年生柳叶菜科草本植物。原野生于北美洲,为当地印第安人采集药用。十七世纪初移植到欧洲,英国草药工作者发现它具有收敛及镇静作用,并称之为“国王的良药”。1917年,德国化学家Unger报道此植物种籽的含油量高达15%。以后的详细分析结果指出,油中除含有一般植物种子油中常见的油酸及亚油酸外,尚有另一种脂肪酸,命名为γ-亚麻酸,简称GLA。1927年,Eibner等利用臭氧化降解反应测定结构为6,9,12-十八碳三烯酸。1949年,Riley进一步证实γ-亚麻酸为全顺式-6、9、12-十八碳三烯酸(缩写为18:3ω6或18:3n6)。它在月见草油总脂肪酸中含量为8-10%。通过长期研究工作,已肯定γ-亚麻酸的存在使月见草油具有独特的营养及生化医疗作用。随着人体内γ-亚麻酸及其它脂肪酸代谢过程之谜逐渐被揭开,月见草油及γ-亚麻酸愈来愈多地得到医药界的重视,相关的科学研究成果大量涌现。
Evening Primrose (Oenothera biennis L.) is a perennial herb belonging to the family Ayurvedicaceae that blooms yellowish flowers in the evening. Original wild in North America, for the collection of medicinal Indians. In the early seventeenth century, when transplanted to Europe, British herbalists discovered that it had astringent and sedative effects and called it “the king’s good medicine.” In 1917, German chemist Unger reported that the oil content of this plant seed was as high as 15%. The detailed analysis results later indicated that in addition to the common oleic acid and linoleic acid found in common plant seed oils, there is another fatty acid, which is named γ-linolenic acid, or GLA for short. In 1927, Eibner et al. used ozonation degradation reaction to determine the structure of 6,9,12-octadecatrienoic acid. In 1949, Riley further confirmed that γ-linolenic acid was all-cis-6,9,12-octadecatrienoic acid (abbreviated as 18:3ω6 or 18:3n6). Its content in evening primrose oil is 8-10%. Through long-term research work, it has been confirmed that the presence of gamma-linolenic acid makes evening primrose oil have unique nutritional and biochemical medical effects. As the mystery of the metabolic process of γ-linolenic acid and other fatty acids in the human body has gradually been opened, evening primrose oil and γ-linolenic acid have received more and more attention from the medical community, and related scientific research results have emerged in large numbers.