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一、非谓语动词的特殊结构
1. 不定式的复合结构:一般由“for + 名词 / 宾格代词 + (not)不定式”构成。For介词短语是不定式的逻辑主语。例如:
No permission has been given for anybody to enter the building.
It was a mistake for her not to marry him.
2. 不定式的短语:即“连接词wh- / how + 动词不定式”。例如:
I have worked with children before, so I know what to expect in my new job.
The question was whether to take the children to the theatre or to leave them at home.
When to leave for Beijing is not decided yet.
3. 动名词的复合结构:由“名词 / 代词 + 动名词”构成。逻辑主语名词是名词所有格(有生命事物的名词)或名词普通格(无生命事物的名词);逻辑主语代词是形容词性物主代词或宾格代词(动名词作宾语时)。例如:
I would appreciate your calling back this afternoon.
Mary’s marrying Jim made her mother very angry.
The noise of desks being opened and closed could be heard out in the street.
4. 独立主格结构:由“名词 / 代词 + 分词”构成。例如:
The meeting being over, we all left and drove home.
He lay on his back, his hands crossed under his head.
He looked at her father, tears rolling down her cheeks.
5. “there + be 结构”。例如:
Most students expect there to be more review classes before the coming college entrance examination.
There being more review classes, we’ll do much better in the coming examinations.
二、非谓语动词的语态(除过去分词外)
不定式、动名词和现在分词用主动形式还是被动形式完全取决于其逻辑主语。根据句子意思,找准逻辑主语,确定语态形式。
1. 不定式
Nothing in life is to be feared. It is only to be understood.这里,动词fear 和understand 的逻辑主语分别是nothing和it,它们之间是被动关系,因此用不定式的被动形式。
To get married, I needed a job, and to get a job, I needed a PhD.这里,动词get的逻辑主语是I,它们之间是主动关系,因此用不定式的主动形式。
The book is said to have been translated into Chinese. 这里,动词translate的逻辑主语是book, 它们之间是被动关系,因此用不定式完成时的被动形式。再如:
Tom expected to be invited to the dinner.
The bison skins were sent by rail to cities to be sold.
The South has many problems to deal with.
I don’t want anyone to be bothered.
2. 动名词
I don’t mind bad things being said about me. 这里, 动词say的逻辑主语是bad things, 它们之间是被动关系,因此用动名词的被动形式。
I don’t mind him saying bad things about me. 这里,动词say的逻辑主语是he, 它们之间是主动关系, 因此用动名词的主动形式。再如:
He insists on us showing him respect. (动名词的主动形式)
He insists on being shown respect. (动名词的被动形式)
He did it without being asked. (动名词的被动形式)
She has no memory of having been praised. (动名词的被动形式)
3. 现在分词
Many people come to theme parks, looking for thrills and entertainment. 这里,动词look的逻辑主语是people,它们之间是主动关系,因此用现在分词的主动形式。
The building being built now is our library. 这里,动词build的逻辑主语是building, 它们之间是被动关系,因此用现在分词的被动形式。
The plan having been made, he carried it out at once. 这里,动词make的逻辑主语是plan,它们之间是被动关系, 因此用现在分词完成时的被动形式。
随讲随练:
1. The hungry boy couldn’t resist ______ to do such a foolish thing.
A. to tempt B. to be tempted
C. being tempted D. tempting
2. ______ the first place in the maths examination, Liu got first place in the English examination.
A. To follow B. Follow
C. For following D. Following
3. What worried the child most was ______ to visit his mother in the hospital.
A. his not allowing
B. his not being allowed
C. his being not allowed
D. having not being allowed
4. ______ their service, many taxi drivers in Shanghai are going to learn everyday English.
A. Improving B. Having improved
C. Improved D. To improve
5. ______ of danger in the street last night, she had to go home, with a friend ______ her.
A. Warned; followed
B. Warning; following
C. Having warned; following
D. Having been warned; following
6. — Why do you look sad?
— There are so many problems ______ .
A. remaining to settle
B. remained settling
C. remaining to be settled
D. remained to be settled
7. The old man came ______ to the railway station, only ______ the train was slowly pulling out of the station.
A. and ran; found B. running finding
C. running; to find D.to run; finding
8. Compared to ______ in the office, Rate found it more exciting to work as a teacher.
A. work B. having worked
C. working D. be working
9. ______ out of the difficult situation, the restaurant is now making efforts to improve the quality of service.
A. Getting B. Got
C. Having got D. To get
10. H5N1 Bird Flu can result in death unless______ in time.
A. treat B. to treat
C. treating D. treated
(Keys: 1—5 CDBDD 6—10 CCCDD)
1. 不定式的复合结构:一般由“for + 名词 / 宾格代词 + (not)不定式”构成。For介词短语是不定式的逻辑主语。例如:
No permission has been given for anybody to enter the building.
It was a mistake for her not to marry him.
2. 不定式的短语:即“连接词wh- / how + 动词不定式”。例如:
I have worked with children before, so I know what to expect in my new job.
The question was whether to take the children to the theatre or to leave them at home.
When to leave for Beijing is not decided yet.
3. 动名词的复合结构:由“名词 / 代词 + 动名词”构成。逻辑主语名词是名词所有格(有生命事物的名词)或名词普通格(无生命事物的名词);逻辑主语代词是形容词性物主代词或宾格代词(动名词作宾语时)。例如:
I would appreciate your calling back this afternoon.
Mary’s marrying Jim made her mother very angry.
The noise of desks being opened and closed could be heard out in the street.
4. 独立主格结构:由“名词 / 代词 + 分词”构成。例如:
The meeting being over, we all left and drove home.
He lay on his back, his hands crossed under his head.
He looked at her father, tears rolling down her cheeks.
5. “there + be 结构”。例如:
Most students expect there to be more review classes before the coming college entrance examination.
There being more review classes, we’ll do much better in the coming examinations.
二、非谓语动词的语态(除过去分词外)
不定式、动名词和现在分词用主动形式还是被动形式完全取决于其逻辑主语。根据句子意思,找准逻辑主语,确定语态形式。
1. 不定式
Nothing in life is to be feared. It is only to be understood.这里,动词fear 和understand 的逻辑主语分别是nothing和it,它们之间是被动关系,因此用不定式的被动形式。
To get married, I needed a job, and to get a job, I needed a PhD.这里,动词get的逻辑主语是I,它们之间是主动关系,因此用不定式的主动形式。
The book is said to have been translated into Chinese. 这里,动词translate的逻辑主语是book, 它们之间是被动关系,因此用不定式完成时的被动形式。再如:
Tom expected to be invited to the dinner.
The bison skins were sent by rail to cities to be sold.
The South has many problems to deal with.
I don’t want anyone to be bothered.
2. 动名词
I don’t mind bad things being said about me. 这里, 动词say的逻辑主语是bad things, 它们之间是被动关系,因此用动名词的被动形式。
I don’t mind him saying bad things about me. 这里,动词say的逻辑主语是he, 它们之间是主动关系, 因此用动名词的主动形式。再如:
He insists on us showing him respect. (动名词的主动形式)
He insists on being shown respect. (动名词的被动形式)
He did it without being asked. (动名词的被动形式)
She has no memory of having been praised. (动名词的被动形式)
3. 现在分词
Many people come to theme parks, looking for thrills and entertainment. 这里,动词look的逻辑主语是people,它们之间是主动关系,因此用现在分词的主动形式。
The building being built now is our library. 这里,动词build的逻辑主语是building, 它们之间是被动关系,因此用现在分词的被动形式。
The plan having been made, he carried it out at once. 这里,动词make的逻辑主语是plan,它们之间是被动关系, 因此用现在分词完成时的被动形式。
随讲随练:
1. The hungry boy couldn’t resist ______ to do such a foolish thing.
A. to tempt B. to be tempted
C. being tempted D. tempting
2. ______ the first place in the maths examination, Liu got first place in the English examination.
A. To follow B. Follow
C. For following D. Following
3. What worried the child most was ______ to visit his mother in the hospital.
A. his not allowing
B. his not being allowed
C. his being not allowed
D. having not being allowed
4. ______ their service, many taxi drivers in Shanghai are going to learn everyday English.
A. Improving B. Having improved
C. Improved D. To improve
5. ______ of danger in the street last night, she had to go home, with a friend ______ her.
A. Warned; followed
B. Warning; following
C. Having warned; following
D. Having been warned; following
6. — Why do you look sad?
— There are so many problems ______ .
A. remaining to settle
B. remained settling
C. remaining to be settled
D. remained to be settled
7. The old man came ______ to the railway station, only ______ the train was slowly pulling out of the station.
A. and ran; found B. running finding
C. running; to find D.to run; finding
8. Compared to ______ in the office, Rate found it more exciting to work as a teacher.
A. work B. having worked
C. working D. be working
9. ______ out of the difficult situation, the restaurant is now making efforts to improve the quality of service.
A. Getting B. Got
C. Having got D. To get
10. H5N1 Bird Flu can result in death unless______ in time.
A. treat B. to treat
C. treating D. treated
(Keys: 1—5 CDBDD 6—10 CCCDD)