“适应”一词伴随着进化论思想的全过程。谈到适应,就必须有不变量作为参照,然而这种“不变量”在不断地变化。关于达尔文模式,我认为另一种解释在社会科学方面很有意义,这便是“间断平衡”理论。该理论废除了与事先确定的背景相关的、对可预见性适应的参照,并使“定向进化”概念不再有效。在社会现象方面,应当根据变化的非定向表现来思考适应的问题。例如,技术似乎有其自身的进化法则,与处于时间和空间中的特定主体并不相干。在选择未来道路时,进化的岔路会把具有愿望、利益和冲动的人类与带有决定论的假象混合在一起。但在任何情况下,决定论都不能起决定作用。历史,包括技术和其他方面的历史在内,就是一系列岔路,而远非什么适应过程。 “Adaptation ” accompanied by the evolutionary theory of the whole process. When it comes to adaptation, there must be an invariant as a reference. However, such “invariants” are constantly changing. With regard to the Darwinian model, I think that another explanation makes a lot of sense in the social sciences, which is the theory of “equilibrium”. This theory abolishes the reference to foreseeable adaptation in relation to a predetermined context and renders the concept of “directed evolution” no longer valid. In social phenomena, we should think about adaptation according to the non-directional changes in change. For example, technology seems to have its own evolutionary laws that are not related to a particular subject in time and space. In choosing the path of the future, an evolutionary divergence will mix the aspirations, interests and impulses of humans with the illusion of determinism. But in any case, determinism can not play a decisive role. History, including technological and other aspects of history, is a series of turnouts that are far from being amenable to adaptation.