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目的:探讨合并中心气道狭窄的溃疡坏死型支气管结核患者，在支气管未形成成熟瘢痕的临床好转期行球囊扩张治疗的疗效及意义。方法:回顾性分析2014年1月1日至2018年12月31日于湖南省胸科医院就诊的单侧结核性中心气道狭窄的支气管结核患者152例的病例资料，其中男23例，女129例，年龄15~66（33.3±11.9）岁。其中64例狭窄段及狭窄段远端存在干酪样坏死物，经冷冻等介入治疗使狭窄段坏死物消失、溃疡愈合后，在尚未形成成熟瘢痕的临床好转期行球囊扩张术治疗联合冷冻治疗，作为观察组；88例狭窄段处于瘢痕期，予以球囊扩张联合冷冻治疗，作为对照组。观察两组患者的治疗效果及并发症并进行统计学分析。结果:观察组的治疗后肺复张率高于对照组，差异有统计学意义［74.0%（37/50）比37.9%（22/58），n χ2=14.094，n P<0.001］；治疗6个月后，观察组再狭窄率低于对照组，差异有统计学意义［10.9%（7/64）比30.7%（27/88），n χ2=8.318，n P=0.004］。两组间扩张后管腔直径、扩张前后管腔直径差、扩张次数、即时有效率、扩张时少量出血发生率、胸痛发生率的差异均无统计学意义。两组患者均未发生操作相关的大出血、纵隔气肿等严重并发症。n 结论:对于合并中心气道狭窄的溃疡坏死型支气管结核患者，在狭窄段支气管干酪样坏死物消失、溃疡愈合后的临床好转期行球囊扩张术，不仅能尽早对狭窄段远端病变支气管进行介入治疗、提高肺不张的复张率，还可降低6个月后再狭窄率，有较好的疗效及安全性。“,”Objective:To investigate the efficacy of balloon dilatation performed for patients who suffered from actively caseating endobronchial tuberculosis (EBTB) and central airway stenosis in clinical improving period who′s bronchus has not formed mature scar tissue.Methods:A total of 152 tuberculous unilateral main bronchus stenosis patients (23 male and 129 female) who received treatment in Hunan Chest Hospital from January 1n st 2014 to December 31n st 2018 were included in this retrospective analysis. The age was 15-66 (33.3±11.9) years old. All patients received routine anti-tuberculosis chemotherapy. Sixty-four of them who suffered from actively caseating EBTB and unilateral main bronchus stenosis received cryotherapy and endobronchial isoniazid (INH) administration till the caseating necrosis in stenotic bronchus was disappeared and ulcers were recovered, and then received balloon dilatation combined with cryotherapy, were test group. Eighty-eight of them who suffered from fibrostenotic EBTB received balloon dilatation combined with cryotherapy were control group. We analyzed the efficacy and complications after treatments.n Results:The lung re-expansion rate after treatment in test group was higher than the control group, and the differences were statistically significant [74.0%(37/50) n vs. 37.9%(22/58), n χ2=14.094, n P<0.001]. The 6-month re-stenosis rate in test group was lower than control group, and the differences were statistically significant [10.9%(7/64)n vs. 30.7% (27/88), n χ2=8.318, n P=0.004]. The differences of diameter and diameter variation after balloon dilatation, immediate effective rates, average times of balloon dilatation and procedure-related bleeding (100 ml) and mediastinal emphysema did not occur during our procedures.n Conclusions:Performing balloon dilatation for patients who suffered from actively caseating EBTB and central airway stenosis in the clinical improvement period, when caseous necrosis tissue disappeared and ulcers were recovered, not only helps to perform interventional procedures on distal bronchus in time, increase the rate of lung re-expansion, can also reduce the rate of re-stenosis after 6 months, so it is effective and safe.