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目的通过观察糖尿病早期1～3个月时大鼠学习记忆功能及脑组织形态学改变，探讨糖尿病中枢神经系统病变的发病机制。方法雄性Wistar大白鼠35只，分为STZ糖尿病组和正常对照组。于糖尿病成模后1个月行水迷宫实验，于1个月、3个月行脑组织海马区免疫组化及海马、颇叶皮层、隔区电镜超微结构检查。结果两组于1个月时血糖、体重有显著性差异（P＜0．001）。水迷宫试验游泳时间STZ－DM组显著长于对照组（P＜O．01）。高血糖3个月时，糖尿病组海马NT－3阳性染色较正常对照组明显减少，NF染色阳性神经元突起排列紊乱、不连续。透射电镜检查糖尿病1个月时已经出现预叶皮层、海马等神经元的退行性改变，但无明显毛细血管基底膜增厚等改变。3个月时神经元的退行性改变较前更加明显。结论糖尿病早期出现的脑组织形态及学习记忆功能的损害，可能主要是由高血糖直接引起的。
Objective To investigate the pathogenesis of diabetic central nervous system diseases by observing the learning and memory abilities and morphological changes of rats during the first trimester of diabetes mellitus. Methods Male Wistar rats 35 were divided into STZ diabetic group and normal control group. One month after diabetes mellitus, rats were subjected to water maze test. Immunohistochemistry and hippocampus were performed in the hippocampus at 1 month and 3 months respectively. Results The blood glucose and body weight of two groups had significant difference at one month (P <0.001). Water maze test swimming time STZ-DM group was significantly longer than the control group (P <0.01). At 3 months of hyperglycemia, NT-3 positive staining of hippocampus in diabetic group was significantly lower than that in normal control group, and neurite outgrowths of NF-positive neurons were disordered and discontinuous. Transmission electron microscopy of diabetes 1 month has been pre-cortex, hippocampus and other neuronal degeneration, but no significant capillary basement membrane thickening and other changes. Neurodegeneration at 3 months was more pronounced than before. Conclusion The early stage of diabetic brain tissue damage and learning and memory may be mainly caused by hyperglycemia.