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问题专利的大量存在不仅导致专利质量低下,也给创新体系制造了巨大的私人和社会成本,这是美国2007年《专利改革法案》出台的根本动因。专利制度的有效运行依赖于审查授权体系和权利执行体系两个渠道,而问题专利折射出来的诸多弊端则反映了专利制度的整体失灵。在三种改革思路争论之后,人们选择了重构专利权,而改革的支点是改变专利权的有效性推定。这是近50年来美国专利政策的一次重要转折。
The large number of problem patents not only leads to the low quality of patents, but also creates huge private and social costs for the innovation system. This is the fundamental motivation for the United States Patent Revamp Bill 2007. The effective operation of the patent system relies on the examination and authorization system and the enforcement system of rights. The drawbacks reflected in the problem patent reflect the overall failure of the patent system. After the debate on the three types of reform ideas, people have chosen to reconstruct the patent right, and the fulcrum of the reform is to change the validity presumption of the patent right. This is an important turning point in U.S. patent policy in the past 50 years.