改革开放二十年来,中国的产业政策导向完成了从追求政府政策保护下的进口替代,向开放条件下的出口型导向的历史性转变,有利地促进了经济的长期高速增长和产业结构的优化调整。虽然政策干预对一国经济和贸易的影响利弊兼具,经济学理论认为政策干预往往会导致效率的降低和社会福利的损失。进入90年代后,在科技的迅猛发展使产品的生命周期不断缩短的同时,网络技术的发展、极大地促进了贸易和投资的国际化和自由化,并由此产生了一个全新的世界经济模式。在这样的背景下,对中国这样一个正处于转型期的发展中国家来说,积极的政策干预在未来的相当长的时期内是必不可少的,是提高产业的国际竞争力的重要途径。产业政策的传统工具是关税和政府补贴,目的是修正所谓的“市场失灵”（LALL,1994）和引导社 In the two decades since the reform and opening up, China’s industrial policy has completed its historic transformation from the pursuit of import substitution under the protection of government policies to the export-oriented orientation under the conditions of opening up, which has benefited the long-term rapid economic growth and the optimization of industrial structure Adjustment. Although the effects of policy intervention on the economy and trade of a country have both advantages and disadvantages, economic theory holds that policy intervention often leads to the reduction of efficiency and the loss of social welfare. Since the 1990s, with the rapid development of science and technology, the life cycle of products has been continuously shortened. At the same time, the development of network technology has greatly promoted the internationalization and liberalization of trade and investment, and has resulted in a completely new world economic model . Against such a background, for China, a developing country in transition, active policy intervention is essential for a considerable period in the future and an important way to enhance its international competitiveness. The traditional tools of industrial policy are tariffs and government subsidies aimed at amending so-called “market failures” (LALL, 1994) and leading agencies