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关于贫困范围的材料表明,美国的贫困怎样越来越成为具有“与贫困相联系的”特征的家庭的特殊问题。我们在计算了不同集团在不同时期的风险之后,获得三个重要发现:第一,在一个家庭不只是具有这些特征的一个而是具有两个或两个以上的地方,贫困的概率极大。第二,除掉那些以“男性家长年龄超过65岁”为特征的家庭,所有表列特征的贫困风险从1947年到目前都增长了。第三,贫困风险仍然相对地不受经济“盛衰”的影响。贫困研究者往往把贫困分为集体贫困、个人贫困和集团贫困三类。集团贫困根据我们的分析突出地表明为美国今天的贫困特征。集团贫困是富裕社会的贫困,因为这个富裕社会并不是充分就业的社会,而且也不是使用它的全部潜力的社会。因此尽管美国有很大数目的贫民,但不应当把贫困看做是一种“大规模”现象。今天的贫民是秉赋不足的人,他们缺乏产生收入的“个人资产”,即使有重大的经济增长和显著的职业空缺,他们仍然是贫困的。自动化和需求变化都不是贫民从市场被排挤出来的主要原因。参与我们社会的社会标准和必要条件一般有所提高才是那些被排挤在劳动市场之外或者从来安插不进去的人贫困的重要原因。美国的贫困主要得通过教育、训练和重新训练、扩大公民权、建立普遍老年残废保险制度和国民健康保险制度、去除贫民窟等等行动来消除。
The material on the extent of poverty shows how poverty in the United States is increasingly becoming a special problem for families with “impoverished” characteristics. After we calculated the risks of different groups in different periods, we obtained three important findings. First, when a family has more than one of these characteristics but two or more places, the probability of poverty is extremely high. Second, all those households characterized by “male parents over 65 years of age” have risen in poverty from 1947 to the present with all the listed characteristics. Third, the risk of poverty is still relatively immune to the “ups and downs” of the economy. Poor researchers tend to divide poverty into three categories: collective poverty, personal poverty and group poverty. According to our analysis, the group’s poverty has been highlighted as the characteristic of poverty in the United States today. Group poverty is the poverty of a wealthy society, which is not a fully employed society nor a society that uses its full potential. So while the United States has a large number of poor people, poverty should not be seen as a “mass phenomenon.” Today’s poor people are understaffed people who lack “personal assets” that generate income and remain poor even with significant economic growth and significant job vacancies. Neither automation nor demand change are the main reasons why poor people are being squeezed out of the market. The general rise in social standards and conditions for participation in our society is an important reason for the poverty of those who are excluded from the labor market or who have never been able to do so. In the United States, poverty has to be eliminated mainly through education, training and retraining, expanding civil rights, establishing a universal old-age disability insurance system and a national health insurance system, and removing slums.