在世界绝大多数国家的宪法中,关于人权或公民基本权利和自由的规定,占据越来越重要的位置。在俄罗斯的近代史上,社会变革都是用根本法的形式来固定和表现的,宪法的内容体现阶级力量对比关系的变化。基于历史原因,中国宪法受到原苏联宪法的极大影响,同样面临社会转型和法制现代化的问题。通过比较原苏联及俄罗斯不同历史时期的宪法规定,总结在社会变迁的背景下宪法变革的深层次原因。在相似的历史条件下,俄罗斯的宪法改革的理论探索和实践经验,对我国宪法及宪政制度的发展具有重要的现实意义。 In the constitutions of most countries in the world, the provisions on human rights or fundamental rights and freedoms of citizens occupy an increasingly important position. In the modern history of Russia, social changes are both fixed and manifested in the form of fundamental law, and the contents of the constitution reflect the changes in the comparative relations between class powers. For historical reasons, the Chinese constitution has been greatly influenced by the original Soviet constitution and similarly faces the problems of social transformation and modernization of the legal system. By comparing the constitutional provisions in different historical periods of the former Soviet Union and Russia, this paper sums up the deep-seated reasons for the constitutional reform in the context of social changes. Under similar historical conditions, the theoretical exploration and practical experience of Russia’s constitutional reform have important practical significance for the development of our constitution and constitutional system.