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In this article, we report a few advances in the studies based on the solar vector magnetic field observations which were carried out mainly with the Solar Magnetic Field Telescope at the Huairou Solar Observing Station in the 1990s. （1） We developed necessary methodology and concepts in vector magnetogram analysis （Wang et al. 1996）. For the first time, we proposed to use the photospheric free magnetic energy to quantify the major flare productivity of solar active regions （ARs）, and it had been proved to be the best parameter in representing the major flare activity. （2） We revealed that there was always a dominant sense of magnetic shear in a given AR （Wang 1994）, which was taken as the premise of the helicity calculation in ARs; we made the first quantitative estimation of magnetic helicity evolution in ARs （Wang 1996）. （3） We identified the first group of evidence of magnetic reconnection in the lower solar atmosphere with vector magnetic field observations and proposed a two-step reconnection flare model to interpret the observed association of flux cancellation and flares （Wang and Shi 1993）. Efforts to quantify the major flare productivity of super active regions with vector magnetic field observations have been also taken.