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Objective To investigate the distribution and clonality of T cell receptor (TCR) Vβ repertoire in patients with acute monoblastic leukemia (AML-M5).Methods Expression of the TCR Vβ repertoire was analyzed using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), which amplified the complementarity determining region 3 of 24 TCR Vβ genes in peripheral blood from 9 cases with acute myclogenous leukemia subtype 5 or acute monoblastic leukemia (AML-M5). PCR products were further studied by genescan analysis to identify T cell clonality. Results Expression of 1-10 Vβ subfamilies was found in samples from 9 patients. Genescan analysis showed that some Vβ subfamily products from 8 of 9 cases contained an oligoclonal peak. Oligoclonal T cells of the Vβ2 subfamily could be found in 6 patients with AML-M5. Conclusions T cell clonality expansion was found in AML-M5 cases and were tendentious in the Vβ2 subfamily, suggesting a the specific immune response for leukemia cell (M5) associated antigen and may display antileukemia activity.