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1966年制定的美国《信息自由法》(简称FOIA)已经成为人类社会从20世纪下半叶到21世纪,即从传统工业社会迈入信息社会过程中法治建设的一个重要范例。“可运用的司法审查”被认为是信息自由法取得“非凡成功”的四项基本经验之一。美国联邦法院,特别是联邦最高法院在判例中对该法中的免除公开条款的精致适用,构成了美国信息公开法制经验的重要组成部分。《信息自由法》中的九项免除公开规定可进一步归纳概括为国家安全与秘密、内部行政行为、法律礼让、商业秘密、个人隐私等五个方面。联邦最高法院在相关判例中对上述五个方面规则的具体适用情形与发展,可以裨益于正在中国大陆活泼展开的政府信息公开诉讼实践,对发展中国的信息公开法制,特别是相关判例制度具有借鉴意义。
The United States Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) enacted in 1966 has become an important example of the rule of law in the human society from the second half of the 20th century to the 21st century, that is, from the traditional industrial society into the information society. “Usable judicial review” is considered as one of the four basic experiences gained by the Freedom of Information Act “extraordinary success.” The exquisite application of the exemption from public provisions in the Act by the United States federal courts, especially the Supreme Court of the United States, constitutes an important part of the experience of the United States in the information disclosure legal system. The nine exemptions in the Freedom of Information Act can be further summarized into five aspects: national security and secrets, internal administrative acts, legal politeness, trade secrets and personal privacy. The concrete application and development of the above five rules in the relevant jurisprudence of the Supreme Court of the United States can benefit the practice of public information litigation that is being vigorously practiced in mainland China and is of reference to the development of China’s legal system for the disclosure of information and in particular the relevant precedent system significance.