过去数十年里,各类大小不同的企业在数据处理和信息产生方面都经历了重大的变化。各种技术进展,诸如微型计算机,各管理机构对报告要求不断增长,经济领域里迅速变化的竞争,以及计划、控制和决策对信息的基本要求迫使各公司对其系统功能作长期艰苦的调查。与实际经验相反,若仔细研究常可发现用计算机来控制是有缺点的,各个系统效率很低,而且没有起到原始设计那样的作用。自然,对于这种不幸的状态有一系列不同的因素。最近有一篇文章[1]指出,从管理来说,常许可数据处理部门和系统部门免除日常的经营控制。一位计算机顾问郭泊尔·卡柏[Gopal—kapur]认为“最高管理当局不注意数据 Over the past few decades, businesses of all sizes and types have undergone major changes in data processing and information generation. Various technological advances, such as microcomputers, increasing reporting requirements by various regulatory agencies, rapidly changing competition in the economic field, and basic information requirements for planning, control, and decision-making have forced companies to make long-term and arduous investigations of their system functions. Contrary to practical experience, careful research often reveals that the use of computers for control has disadvantages. Each system is inefficient and does not have the same effect as the original design. Naturally, there are a series of different factors for this unfortunate state. A recent article [1] pointed out that in terms of management, the data processing department and the system department are often allowed to exempt daily operation control. A computer consultant, Gopal-kapur, believes that “the highest authorities do not pay attention to data