论文部分内容阅读
如今的绝大多数发达经济体都是通过走老一套的工业化道路才变成今天的样子。一连串的制造业——纺织行业、钢铁行业、汽车行业——从传统同业行会体系的废墟中兴起,从而将农业社会转型为城市社会。农民成了工厂工人,这一进程不仅为经济生产率前所未有的提高奠定了基础,还促成了社会和政治组织的大规模革命。劳工运动带来大众政治,并最终带来政治民主。随着时间的推移,制造业让位于服务业。在工业革命的发源地英国,制造业的就业岗位在总就业岗位中所占比例在一战之前达到最高值,大约为45%,然后下降至刚过30%,大致如此的比例一直保持到上世纪70年代初,这一比例从那时开始直线下降。制造业雇员目前在劳动力总数中所占比例略低干10%。
Today, the overwhelming majority of advanced economies are transformed into what they are today by taking the same old path of industrialization. A series of manufacturing industries - the textile industry, the steel industry and the automobile industry - have emerged from the ruins of the traditional guilds system, transforming the agricultural society into an urban society. Farmers became factory workers, a process that not only laid the groundwork for an unprecedented increase in economic productivity but also contributed to the large-scale revolution in social and political organizations. The labor movement brought mass politics and ultimately political democracy. Over time, manufacturing has given way to services. In the United Kingdom, the birthplace of the industrial revolution, manufacturing jobs accounted for the highest percentage of total jobs before World War I, at around 45%, and then dropped to just over 30%, with roughly the same proportion remaining on In the early 1970s, the percentage had plummeted since then. Manufacturing employees currently make up slightly 10% of the workforce.