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流域是水资源管理的基本单位。基于水资源文献的综合分析，讨论了自20世纪以来水资源管理概念、目标及途径的变迁，提出建立流域科学，以流域为研究对象，以揭示流域生态水文过程的客观规律为前提，采用现代管理科学理论和方法，应用先进工程技术手段优化配置水资源，满足人类活动及生态系统的多种需求，促进社会、经济及环境的可持续发展。并且指出流域科学的内涵应包括：①水资源的调查、监测和模拟；②水资源利用多目标设定；③水资源分配机制；④水资源管理指标的确定与评价；⑤水资源管理决策机构；⑥水资源管理反馈分析与人类活动调控。“,”Over the past century, the concepts, objectives, and approaches of water resources management have changed significantly. Since watershed is the natural unit for water resources management, this paper, through literature review, proposes to develop a watershed science that takes into full account development and implementa- tion of policies, processes, technologies, and organizations for understanding, distributing, and improving the movement and characteristics of water resources to meet the multiple needs of human societies and ecosystems in a socially responsible, economically viable, and environmentally sustainable way. Core components of the watershed science are： （1）inventorying, monitoring, and modeling; （2）goal setting; （3）water allocation; （4）indicator setting and measurement; （5）organization and decision making proeess;（6）feedback analysis.