道、咸、同时期是各殖民势力对中国属国进行染指的重要时期。随着暹罗、苏禄、缅甸、琉球等属国日渐被各殖民势力所染指,清朝旧有的属国体系渐渐丧失。几乎与此同时,清朝本土也开始遭受着各殖民势力的侵犯。这一危机不仅导致了“天朝”独尊的法理基础在西方、日本面前基本丧失,而且也导致了中国传统宗藩体制开始瓦解。此后,晚清时期清廷借近代条约体制对中越、中朝等宗藩关系的强化,则只能说是在有限的属国范围内对这一传统体制的一种补救和改造。 Taoism, saltyness and the same period are important periods in which the colonial forces have accused China of their country. As the nations such as Siam, Sulu, Burma and Ryukyu are increasingly being infringed upon by the colonial forces, the old state-owned system of the Qing dynasty has gradually been lost. Almost at the same time, the Qing dynasty also began to suffer the colonial forces. This crisis not only led to the legal basis for “heavenly” independence being basically lost in the West and Japan, but also led to the collapse of the traditional Chinese suzerainty system. Since then, the Qing court’s strengthening of the relations of the suzerainty and vassal states such as China, Vietnam and China with the modern treaty treaties in the late Qing Dynasty can only be described as a remedy and reform of this traditional system within a limited territory.