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在讨论中国的现代转向时,满清的文人阶层如何参与政治以及如何提高官僚机构的专业化行政能力应该得到关注。本文从满清的文人游幕为切入点,讨论满清中后期文人的政治参与过程以及政治参与方式。游幕作为文人的政治参与方式,培育了清代专业化行政的力量。尽管经历多次尝试,但面临着财政能力约束的清王朝未能将官僚机构现代化转型。文人由依附君主逐渐转向依附幕主。地方官僚集团则借助幕友的专业化行政能力,逐渐壮大自身势力,形成对中央皇权的挑战。
In discussing the modern turn of China, how Manchu literati should participate in politics and how to improve the bureaucracy’s professional administration should receive attention. This article starts from the screen of the literati in Manchu, discusses the process of political participation of the literati in the middle and late Qing Dynasty and the way of political participation. As a way of political participation of the literati, the play curtain fostered the power of specialized administration in the Qing Dynasty. Despite many attempts, the Qing dynasty, confronted with financial constraints, failed to modernize the bureaucracy. The literati gradually shifted from attached monarchs to attached curators. Local bureaucrats, with the help of the professional administrative ability of the mock friends, gradually strengthened their own power and formed the challenge to the central imperial power.