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1840年后,沙皇俄国从陆路控制了中亚,继而威胁、渗透新疆,侵占了中国大片领土。中亚浩罕军官阿古柏在亡国之后,率军侵占南疆,建立非法政权,并且进攻北疆,攻占乌鲁木齐。沙俄乘机占领伊犁地区。清朝基本上失去了对新疆的统治,“丝绸之路”中断。清朝命左宗棠率湘军排除内外干扰,进军新疆,采取“缓进急战”策略,平定阿古柏叛乱,重新夺回新疆。曾纪泽通过外交努力,艰难讨回伊犁及“特克斯河流域”部分失地,重新稳定了西域
After 1840, tsarist Russia controlled Central Asia from land and threatened to infiltrate Xinjiang and invade a large part of China’s territory. Ah Jo Ba, an officer of Central Asia’s Haoran, led the army to occupy southern Xinjiang and established an illegal regime after its death, and attacked northern Xinjiang and captured Urumqi. Sharu took the opportunity to occupy the Ili area. The Qing Dynasty basically lost its rule over Xinjiang, and the “Silk Road” was interrupted. In the Qing dynasty, Zuo Zongtang led the Hunan army to exclude internal and external interference and marched into Xinjiang. The strategy of “slowing into urgent war” was adopted, the Agupo rebellion was settled, and Xinjiang was regained. Tsang Jize, through diplomatic efforts, struggled to recover parts of Ili and the Turks, lost ground and re-stabilized the western region