战后日本企业逐渐形成了一套独特的经营运作模式 ,这种模式是日本企业充满活力和竞争力的重要因素之一。然而九十年代泡沫经济崩溃以来 ,日本企业在经济长期萧条的阴影下 ,债务过剩 ,雇佣过剩 ,设备过剩的“三重苦”使得企业投资低迷 ,经营维艰并伴有大量破产 ,失业不断增加 , Japanese enterprises after the war gradually formed a unique mode of operation and management. This model is one of the most important factors in the vitality and competitiveness of Japanese enterprises. However, since the collapse of the bubble economy in the 1990s, under the shadow of long-term economic recession, Japanese enterprises have experienced downturn in investment, dwindling operations and large numbers of bankruptcies, rising unemployment due to over-excesses, over-employment and overcapacity.