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马克思认为,资本主义原始积累对劳动者具有双重意义:一是使劳动者获得了人身自由;二是使其转变为“被雇用者”。中国的劳动力商品化是在农村与城镇两个领域分别进行的。农村居民通过家庭联产承包制和城市大开发完成了劳动力商品化的过程,城镇居民则主要是在国有企业改革推进中通过“买断工龄”、“下岗”完成了劳动力商品化过程。与其他国家的劳动力商品化过程不同,中国的劳动力商品化过程具有鲜明的特点:(1)农村劳动者与土地(生产条件)分离过程的“非暴力”性;(2)劳动者与生产条件分离的“补偿”性,体现了人文关怀;(3)劳动力商品化的不彻底性——农民工;(4)劳动力商品交易局限于非农产业。以上特点为我们研究中国的劳动力市场以及在此基础上形成的劳动关系提供了重要的现实基础。
According to Marx, primitive accumulation of capitalism has dual meanings to laborers: one is to give workers the personal freedom; the other is to turn them into “employed persons.” The commercialization of labor in China is carried out separately in rural areas and urban areas. Rural residents completed the process of labor forceization through the household contract system and urban development while urban residents completed the commercialization of labor force mainly through the “buy-in length of service” and “lay-off” during the reform of state-owned enterprises process. Different from the process of labor forceization in other countries, the process of labor force commercialization in China has distinct characteristics: (1) the non-violent nature of separation of rural laborers from land (production conditions); (2) The “compensation” of the separation of production conditions reflects humanistic concern; (3) the incompleteness of the labor force’s commercialization - migrant workers; and (4) the restriction of the labor and goods exchange to non-agricultural industries. The above characteristics provide an important realistic basis for our study of the labor market in China and the labor relations formed on the basis of this.