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海洋中的部分微藻能够产生藻毒素,导致鱼、贝类等养殖动物染毒或死亡,甚至危及人类健康和海洋生态安全。近20年来,随着对有害藻华(harmful algal bloom,HAB)问题关注程度的不断提高和研究手段的快速发展,对我国近海有毒藻和藻毒素的认识也在不断深入。本文针对几类常见的藻毒素,从贝类中藻毒素污染状况、毒素来源、有毒赤潮发生情况等方面,对我国已开展的相关研究工作进展进行了综述。大量研究表明,麻痹性贝毒毒素(paralytic shellfish toxins,PSTs)和腹泻性贝毒毒素(diarrhetic shellfish toxins,DSTs)是我国近海最为常见的藻毒素,广东沿海、福建沿海、长江口邻近海域、海州湾、北黄海和渤海秦皇岛近岸海域贝类沾染藻毒素的问题比较突出,中毒事件也时有发生。麻痹性贝毒主要来自有毒的亚历山大藻(Alexandrium spp.),大田软海绵酸(okadaic acid,OA)和扇贝毒素(pectenotoxins,PTXs)等腹泻性贝毒毒素则主要来自有毒鳍藻(Dinophysis spp.)。近年来,随着孢囊分离与培养方法的不断完善及藻毒素分析技术的快速发展,在我国近海发现了越来越多的有毒藻和藻毒素。在对文献进行综合分析的基础上,简单探讨了有毒藻与藻毒素对我国沿海海产品食品安全的影响及风险,以及未来研究的发展方向。
Some of the marine microalgae can produce algae toxins, resulting in fish or shellfish such as animal poisoning or death, and even endanger human health and marine ecological security. In recent 20 years, with the increasing concern about harmful algal blooms (HAB) and the rapid development of research methods, the understanding of our country’s near-shore toxic algae and algal toxins has also been deepening. In this paper, we reviewed some common kinds of algal toxins, and reviewed the progress of relevant research work carried out in our country from the aspects of the pollution of algal toxins, the sources of toxins and the occurrence of toxic red tide in shellfish. Numerous studies have shown that paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) and diarrhetic shellfish toxins (DSTs) are the most common marine algae toxins in the coastal areas of Guangdong, coastal areas of Guangdong, the coasts of Fujian and the Yangtze River estuary, State Bay, the North Yellow Sea and the coastal areas of Qinhuangdao, Bohai Sea mosquito algae toxin problems more prominent, poisoning also occur from time to time. Paralytic shellfish poisoning is mainly caused by the toxic dinoflagellates (Alexandrium spp.), Okadaic acid (OA) and pectenotoxins (PTXs), mainly from Dinophysis spp. ). In recent years, with the continuous improvement of cyst separation and culture methods and the rapid development of algal toxins analysis technology, more and more toxic algae and algal toxins have been found offshore China. Based on the comprehensive analysis of the literature, the effects and risks of toxic algae and algae toxins on the food safety of coastal seafood in China are briefly discussed, and the future research directions are also discussed.