在斯大林關於語言學問題的天才著作問題以前,通常都把一切在當代社會存在過的觀點、思想和制度列入上層建築之內,而不管它們是替什麽樣的基礎服務。這些不正確的觀念,是由於把社會存在與基礎,把社會意識的一切形式與上層建築都同等看待而產生的。斯大林同志確定了基礎的概念和上層建築的概念。他指明了基礎——這是經濟制度,即在當代社會中佔統治的生产關係的 Before Stalin’s genius writings on linguistic issues, all the ideas, ideas and institutions that existed in contemporary societies were often included in the superstructure, no matter what kind of basic services they served. These incorrect concepts arise from the equal existence of society and the foundation of all forms of social consciousness with the superstructure. Comrade Stalin established the basic concept and the superstructure concept. He pointed to the foundations - the economic system in which the relations of production prevailed in contemporary society