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视网膜静脉阻塞(RVO)继发黄斑水肿是导致患者视功能损害的主要原因，目前玻璃体腔注射抗血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)药物是一线治疗方法，可以使大部分患者视网膜解剖结构及视功能得到改善。光相干断层扫描成像(OCT)能够清晰地显示黄斑区视网膜细微结构，对治疗前后黄斑区各组织层次结构的定性、定量分析可以指导临床治疗和预测RVO患者视力预后。就RVO在OCT上的表现，对影响抗VEGF治疗视力预后的相关因素，包括黄斑区视网膜厚度、外界膜和椭圆体带破坏、高反射病灶、视网膜内层结构紊乱、浆液性视网膜脱离或视网膜内囊腔、视网膜下出血、玻璃体黄斑粘连以及视网膜色素上皮(RPE)完整性破坏等进行综述，为患者咨询、风险评估以及治疗决策提供参考。“,”Macular edema secondary to retinal vein occlusion (RVO) is the leading cause of visual impairment in patients with RVO.Intravitreal injection of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) agents is the first-line treatment for RVO and most of patients can obtain improvements of macular morphology and visual function.Optical coherence tomography (OCT) can clearly characterize the macular microstructure.Qualitative or quantitative analysis of histological retinal layers of the macula, before and after anti-VEGF treatment, can guide the clinical treatment and predict visual outcome of patients with RVO.OCT predictors of visual prognosis in patients with RVO following anti-VEGF treatment, including central retinal thickness, disruption of external limiting membrane and ellipsoid zone, hyperreflective foci, disorganization of the retinal inner layers, serous retinal detachment or intraretinal cystoid spaces, subretinal hemorrhage, vitreomacular adhesion and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) integrity are focused on in this review, aiming to enhance patient counseling and improve risk assessment and advance clinical management.