四十年代末期,电子学中的两个重要的新技术:(一)半导体晶体管和(二)电子计算机初露苗头,经十几年的发展已成为互相有关的两个重要科学技术领域和电子工业生产体系。目前,计算机中的主要有源元件是用半导体材料制成的。通过这些年来的实践,人们发现:(一)计算机性能的提高首先要考虑机器的稳定可靠性,计算容量的增大和计算速度的加快;(二)半导体器件的优越性主要是通过半自动化生产技术中工艺的精确性,可重复性及可控制性来实现的;(三)计算机及半导体器件两者的设计的改进是相互制约的,如晶体管线路开关速度的提高受到导线的传输时间所制约;系统的增大受到器件及组装的稳定性、体积及 In the late 1940s, two important new technologies in electronics were: (a) semiconductor transistors and (b) the first appearance of electronic computers. After more than a decade of development, they have become two important areas of science and technology and electronics Industrial production system. At present, the main active components in computers are made of semiconductor materials. Through these years of practice, it has been found that: (1) The improvement of computer performance first considers the stability and reliability of the machine, the increase of computing capacity and the speed of calculation; (2) The superiority of semiconductor devices is mainly achieved through semi-automatic production technology The accuracy of the process, repeatability and controllability to achieve; (C) the improvement of both the design of computers and semiconductor devices are mutually restrained, such as the transistor line switching speed by the wire transfer time constraints; System increases by the stability of the device and assembly, volume and