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“农业保险资源”作为“资源”的一个子集,市场和政府都是配置农业保险资源的一种“制度安排”。政策性农业保险制度的突出特征就在于“政府”在农业保险资源配置中占据主导地位,其职能主要表现为制定农业保险法规政策并监督其执行,财政补贴(如能繁母猪保险财政补贴占保费的80%,个人占20%)、建立和完善农业保险服务体系的责任。政府之所以要介入农业保险资源配置领域,根本原因在于农业保险的(准)公共品属性,同时农业保险领域的市场失灵(道德风险与逆选择等)、政府权威及其强制力所带来的管理成本收益优势以及政府的财政补贴也是其介入农业保险的重要原因。然而政府在供给农业保险产品方面,也存在信息不足、官僚主义、政府政策的频繁变化、缺乏市场激励、缺乏竞争、缺乏降低农业保险成本的激励导向等内在缺陷,政府也会失灵,部分西方国家农业保险所面临的困境可以说明这一点。
As a subset of “resources”, both the market and the government are “institutional arrangements” for allocating agricultural insurance resources. The prominent feature of the policy-oriented agricultural insurance system lies in that the “government” occupies a dominant position in the allocation of agricultural insurance resources. Its main functions are to formulate and supervise the implementation of agricultural insurance laws and regulations, financial subsidies (such as sow insurance premiums Subsidies account for 80% of premiums and individuals account for 20%), and establish and improve the responsibility of the agricultural insurance service system. The reason why the government should intervene in the field of agricultural insurance resources allocation lies in the (quasi) public goods attributes of agricultural insurance and the market failures in agricultural insurance (moral hazard and adverse selection), the government authority and its coercive force The benefits of management costs and benefits as well as government financial subsidies are also important reasons for their involvement in agricultural insurance. However, the government has some inherent defects such as lack of information, bureaucracy and government policies, lack of market incentives, lack of competition and lack of incentives to reduce the cost of agricultural insurance, and the government will also fail. Some western countries The plight of agricultural insurance can illustrate this point.