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辛亥革命推翻了封建帝制,建立了资产阶级民主共和国。其政体形式系根据1911年11月公布并于1912年1月又修正过的《中华民国临时政府组织大纲》,行政首领“有统治全国之权”,显然采取的是美国式的总统制。及至1912年3月,在孙中山即将辞职、袁世凯即将上任之际,南京临时政府参议会,在孙中山主持下制订了《中华民国临时约法》,规定“国务员辅佐大总统负其责任”,终又废除总统制而改行责任内阁制。短短二个月的时间,国家政体作如此变化,而且对这一重大变化,以往一般著述仅一笔带过,鲜有论及。本文试就这一转变,略陈固陋,尚蒙赐教。
The Revolution of 1911 overthrew the feudal monarchy and established a bourgeois democratic republic. The form of its political system is based on the “Provisional Government Organization of the Republic of China,” which was promulgated in November 1911 and amended in January 1912, and the chief executive “has the power to rule the country,” apparently adopting an American-style presidential system. Until March 1912, when Sun Yat-sen was about to resign and Yuan Shikai was about to assume office, the Provisional Government Council of Nanjing formulated the Provisional Constitution of the Republic of China under the auspices of Dr. Sun Yat-sen and stipulated that “the state council assists the president in assuming his responsibility” and finally Abolish the presidential system and change the responsibility of the cabinet system. In a matter of two months, the state regime has made such a change, and in the past, only a single passage has been taken of this major change and seldom mentioned. This article try this change, a little modest, still enlightenment.