论文部分内容阅读
边沁的功利主义为苦乐原理、效果论和功利原则这样三个理论基点所构成。这是一个有着内在逻辑困境的三原理。苦乐原理由于没有进行内在的质的区分,为密尔所修正,但密尔的修正突出了苦乐原理与效果论的内在不一致;同时,密尔以自我牺牲来补充功利主义,又暴露了功利主义原则的内在矛盾。还有,密尔以平等权利来为功利主义的最大幸福原理辩护,恰恰表明功利原则并非是可以成为一个理论的基础性原则或终极原则。斯马特的行动功利主义则进一步暴露了功利主义的非正义性特性。功利主义的这样三个典范表明仅仅诉诸功利原则无从走出内在逻辑困境。布兰特援引认知理论以及道义论原则,笔者认为这才使功利主义从其困境中走出。
Bentham’s utilitarianism is composed of three theoretical basis points: the theory of happiness and happiness, the theory of effectiveness and the principle of utilitarianism. This is a three principle with inherent logical predicament. The principle of Bitterness was modified by Mill because no internal qualitative distinction was made, but Mill’s amendment highlighted the inherent inconsistency between the theory of bitterness and effect, and at the same time, Mill supplemented utilitarianism with self-sacrifice and exposed The Inherent Contradiction of the Principle of Utilitarianism. In addition, Mill defended the principle of maximum welfare of utilitarianism with equal rights, which just showed that the utilitarian principle is not the basic principle or the ultimate principle that can become a theory. Smart’s utilitarianism further exposes the unjust characteristics of utilitarianism. Such three models of utilitarianism show that it is impossible to move beyond the inherent logic dilemma merely by resorting to utilitarian principles. Brent cites cognitive theory and moral principles, I believe that this makes utilitarianism out of its predicament.