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目的:介绍内疚研究的心理学进展熏并对其理论意义进行评价。资料来源:应用计算机检索Psychological数据库1980-01/2003-12期间关于霍夫曼以及与内疚、移情、道德的相关文献,检索词“Hoffman”、“guilt”、“empathy”、“moral”,限定文章语言种类为“English”。资料选择:在所查找到的文献中,选择霍夫曼的专著和文章,以及其他心理学家的著述中涉及霍夫曼内疚和虚拟内疚研究的文献。排除重复研究类文章。资料提炼:围绕内疚和虚拟内疚,对所选文献进行提炼,共得到有关霍夫曼虚拟内疚研究的书籍和文献9部(篇)。资料综合:9部(篇)文献包括综述1篇,专著8部。其中1部专著解释了虚拟内疚的涵义及类型,1篇综述和3部专著阐述了虚拟内疚发生机制,5部专著分析了虚拟内疚的影响因素,1部专著对霍夫曼的理论意义进行了评价。结论:霍夫曼的理论认为虚拟内疚是尽管人们实际上并没有做伤害他人的事情,或所作所为并没有违犯公认的社会道德规范,但如果他们以为自己做了错事或与他人所受到的伤害有间接关系,也会感到内疚而自责。其分为四大类:关系性内疚,责任性内疚,发展性内疚,幸存性内疚。并认为虚拟内疚是移情性悲伤与认知归因相结合的产物,主要受既往经验、移情能力、道德水平和关系程度影响。霍夫曼关于虚拟内疚的研究,不仅拓展了内疚研究的领域、丰富了内疚研究的内容,而且从新的角度揭示了道德情感在个体道德发展中的自我调节和自我教育作用。
Objective: To introduce the progress of psychology in guilt research and to evaluate its theoretical significance. DATA SOURCES: The computer-generated online search of Psychological Database for Hoffman and related articles on Guilt, Empathy, Ethics, 1980-01 / 2003-12, search terms “Hoffman”, “guilt”, “empathy”, “moral” The limited article language is “English”. Choice of Materials: Among the documents found, the selection of Hoffman’s monographs and articles, as well as other psychologists’ writings, involved references to Huffman guilt and virtual guilt studies. Exclude duplicate research articles. Data Extraction: Based on guilt and virtual guilt, the selected documents are refined, and 9 books and documents on Hoffman’s virtual guilt research are obtained. Data Synthesis: 9 (articles) Literature includes 1 review, monographs 8. One monograph explained the meaning and type of virtual guilt. One review summed up three monographs on the mechanism of virtual guilt. Five monographs analyzed the influencing factors of virtual guilt. One monograph on Huffman’s theoretical significance Evaluation. Conclusion: Hoffman’s theory holds that virtual guilt is a fact that while people do not actually do harm to others or do not act in violation of generally accepted social norms, if they think they have done something wrong or become involved with others There is an indirect relationship between the injury, but also feel guilty and blame yourself. It is divided into four categories: relational guilt, responsible guilt, developmental guilt, survivability guilt. And argues that virtual guilt is a product of the combination of empathy sadness and cognitive attribution and is mainly influenced by past experience, empathy, morality and relationship. Hoffman’s research on virtual guilt not only expands the field of guilt research, enriches the content of guilt research, but also reveals the self-regulation and self-education of moral emotion in the development of individual morality from a new perspective.