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伊凡·伊里奇《愉悦的工具》一书蕴含着丰富的技术哲学思想。他从工具的分析展开对工业社会的批判,工具包括人工物和社会机构两类,其共同属性在于它们都是理性设计的产物;工具实现对人的控制、剥夺了人的自由,具体体现在机器对人的控制、学习垄断了人的教育以及医院垄断了人的健康;为了人的自由,伊里奇提出工具发展程度应处于一定的限度,不及与过度都会导致工具对人的控制。伊里奇的工具批判思想兼具人文主义技术批判和实用主义工具论的双重特征。
Ivan Ilyich’s Book of Pleasures contains a rich philosophy of technology. From the analysis of tools, he began to criticize industrial society. The tools include two kinds of artifacts and social institutions. Their common attribute lies in that they are all products of rational design. The tools realize the control over people and deprive people of their freedom. The control of human beings by machines, the monopoly of human education by learning, and the monopoly of human health by the hospital. For human freedom, Ilyich proposed that the development of tools should be limited to a certain extent. Failure to do so leads to the control of the tools by people. Ilyich’s instrumental criticism combines the dual characteristics of humanistic technical critique and pragmatist instrumentalism.