明清政府是否都实行着“闭关锁国”的外贸政策？这个问题近年争论激烈。主要有三种主张。一、明清政府都执行着“闭关锁关”的外贸政策，这也是学术界的传统主张。二、明清政府都执行的是一种严格管理的开海贸易政策。三、清政府对外商不是“闭关”的，但严格限制中国商人... Has the Ming and Qing government implemented the foreign trade policy of “locking themselves in and blocking the country”? This issue has been heatedly debated in recent years. There are three main arguments. First, the Ming and Qing governments have implemented a foreign trade policy of “locking in and shutting down customs”, which is also a traditional view of the academic community. Second, the Ming and Qing governments have implemented a strictly managed open sea trade policy. Third, the Qing government’s foreign business is not a “retreat,” but strict restrictions on Chinese businessmen...