Background Caspases are important in the signaling pathway of cellular apoptosis Caspase-3 protein expression has been shown to increase and parallel to neuronal apoptosis in retinal ischemia injury This study was to determine whether caspase-1 is involved in neuronal cell death or in retinal ischemia and reperfusion injury Methods In twenty-one adult mice, ischemia was induced by increasing the intraocular pressure The animals were sacrificed at 1 hour, 3 hours, 6 hours, 1 day, 3 days and 7 days after reperfusion Frozen sections were used for caspase-1 immunostaining and TUNEL labeling Results In normal retina, no caspase-1 positive cells were seen One hour after ischemia, numerous positive cells were noted in the ganglion cell layer (GCL) and inner side of inner nuclear layer (INL) At 3 hours, caspase-1 positive cells continued to increase and peaked at 6 hours, then decreased significantly at 1 day TUNEL positive cells were detected at 3 hours and peaked at 1 day after ischemia Double labeling of caspase-1 and TUNEL only showed few cells with co-localization after ischemia Conclusion Caspase-1 immunoreactivity preceds to the TUNEL labeling in the GCL and INL after retinal ischemia and reperfusion injury and its early activation may play an important role in the initiation of neuronal apoptosis Background Caspases are important in the signaling pathway of cellular apoptosis Caspase-3 protein expression has been shown to increase and parallel to neuronal apoptosis in retinal ischemia injury whether this study was to determine whether caspase-1 is involved in neuronal cell death or in retinal ischemia and reperfusion injury Methods In twenty-one adult mice, ischemia was induced by increasing the intraocular pressure The animals were sacrificed at 1 hour, 3 hours, 6 hours, 1 day, 3 days and 7 days after reperfusion Frozen sections were used for caspase-1 immunostaining and TUNEL labeling Results In normal retina, no positive for caspase-1 positive cells were seen in the ganglion cell layer (GCL) and inner side of inner nuclear layer (INL) At 3 hours, caspase -1 positive cells continued to increase and peaked at 6 hours, then decreased significantly significantly at 1 day TUNEL positive cells were detected at 3 hours and peaked at 1 day after ischemia Double labeling of caspase-1 and TUNEL only showed few cells with co-localization after ischemia Conclusion Caspase-1 immunoreactivity preceds to the TUNEL labeling in the GCL and INL after retinal ischemia and reperfusion injury and its early activation may play an important role in the initiation of neuronal apoptosis