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耕作系统主要包括土壤系统、作物系统和区域气候系统等几个相对独立、但又紧密关联的组成部分,涉及作物栽培模式、作物类型、杂草和病虫害及农田水土资源管理等方面,在黄土高原生态系统管理和农业可持续发展中占有重要地位。过去50a(1951-2000年),黄土高原的年平均气温升高了1.1℃,且其变率逐渐增加,降雨和热量资源分布呈现复杂的时空异质性。作物种植区域的变迁、熟制制度的演变和农田灾害的加剧促使农田管理模式不断寻求改变,对当地农业耕作系统产生了深远影响。本文总结了黄土高原过去多年的气候变化(气温、降水量、积温)特征和发展趋势,气候变化下耕作系统(种植区、耕作制度、土壤环境)和作物系统(需水量、物候、品种、产量)的演变规律,作物与土壤互作关系,以及气象灾害对黄土高原耕作系统的影响,并提出气候变化下耕作系统适应性管理途径和策略。旨在为黄土高原耕作技术和田间管理提供新的理论,寻求气候变化下区域农业可持续发展应对策略。
Tillage systems include several relatively independent but closely related components such as soil systems, crop systems and regional climate systems, which are related to crop cultivation patterns, crop types, weeds, pests and diseases and farmland water and soil resources management. In the Loess Plateau Ecosystem management and agricultural sustainable development occupy an important position. In the past 50 years (1951-2000), the average annual temperature of the Loess Plateau increased by 1.1 ℃, and its rate of change gradually increased, and the distribution of rainfall and heat resources showed complex temporal and spatial heterogeneity. Changes in cropping areas, the evolution of the ripening system and the aggravation of farmland disasters prompted the continual search for changes in farmland management models that had a profound impact on the local farming system. This paper summarizes the characteristics and development trend of climate change (temperature, precipitation, accumulated temperature) over the past years in the Loess Plateau. The characteristics of the cropping systems (planting areas, tillage systems, soil environment) and crop systems (water requirement, ), The interaction between crop and soil, and the impact of meteorological disasters on the farming system in the Loess Plateau. Finally, the approaches and strategies of adaptive management of farming systems under climate change are proposed. The purpose is to provide new theories for farming techniques and field management in the Loess Plateau and to find solutions to the sustainable development of agriculture in the region under climate change.