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本文比较系统的讨论了宪政在民主和自由两种语境中的含义;对民主宪政论和自由宪政论的主要观点和理论逻辑作了比较详细的讨论和回应。本文认为,宪政问题决不是简单的学术问题,而是关系到中国政治发展主题的重大问题。中国共产党人在新民民主义革命时期提倡宪政符合特定历史时期民主政治的性质和政治斗争发展的客观需要。随着人民革命的胜利,中国共产党用“人民民主专政”代替了“民主主义宪政”。把社会主义民主政治的成果用宪法和法律的形式确定下来,这就是邓小平所说的“民主的制度化、法律化”。在西方的概念中,宪政不等同于民主,宪政和民主在理解上虽有交叉但含义和偏重不同,所以用社会主义宪政表述人民民主的制度化和法律化,容易造成人们思想认识上的混乱。从中国政治制度的性质和政治发展的现实需要出发,个人权利和自由不能作为人民民主政治的逻辑起点和核心价值。中国的民主政治发展也不必然以社会与政府的分离或对立为基础,限制政府权力也不必然能够保障个人权利和自由。社会主义的性质决定了党和政府是保障和发展个人权利和自由的依靠力量。我们不能在没有充分理论论证和对政治后果作出明确判断之前就认定宪政是中国政治发展的必然选择。人民民主的制度化和法律化是中国政治发展的正确道路;坚持党的领导、人民当家作主和依法治国三者的有机统一,是中国政治文明建设的主题和最新成果。
This article systematically discusses the meaning of constitutional government in the two contexts of democracy and freedom. It also discusses and answers in more detail the main ideas and theoretical logic of democratic constitutionalism and free constitutionalism. This article argues that the constitutional issue is by no means a simple academic issue but a major issue that concerns the theme of political development in China. During the period of new-democratic revolution, the Chinese Communists advocated constitutional government to meet the objective needs of the nature of democratic politics and the development of political struggles in a particular historical period. With the triumph of the people’s revolution, the Chinese Communist Party replaced the “democratic constitutional government” with “the people’s democratic dictatorship.” Determined the outcome of socialist democracy in the form of constitution and law, this is Deng Xiaoping’s “institutionalization and legalization of democracy.” In the concept of the West, constitutionalism is not equivalent to democracy. Although constitutionalism and democracy are interdependent in understanding, their meanings and emphasis are different. Therefore, the institutionalization and legalization of people’s democracy by using the constitutionalism of socialism can easily lead to people’s ideological confusion . Starting from the nature of China’s political system and the actual need of political development, individual rights and freedoms can not serve as the logical starting point and the core value of people’s democratic politics. The development of democracy in China is not necessarily based on the separation or opposition between society and government. It is also not necessary to limit government power nor to guarantee individual rights and freedom. The nature of socialism determines that the party and the government are the dependent forces that safeguard and develop individual rights and freedoms. We can not conclude that constitutional government is an inevitable choice for China’s political development without sufficient theoretical justification and explicit judgment on the political consequences. The institutionalization and legalization of people’s democracy are the correct way for China’s political development. To uphold the organic unity of the party’s leadership, the people’s masters of the country and the principle of governing the country by law is the theme and the latest achievement of the building of political civilization in China.