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在理论派别林立的经济学领域,各种经济理论对经济世界的认识有两种基本方法论,即个人主义的方法论和历史唯物主义的方法论。个人主义把经济系统看作是由追求利益最大化的个人组成,经济活动是人们的行为的结果,而行为又是思想倾向指导的,因而个人心理倾向成为个人主义方法论对经济活动分析的起点。历史唯物主义从社会存在决定社会意识的基本原理出发,从物质生产决定的人们相互结合方式来分析复杂的经济现象,将经济规律的原因建立在坚实的物质生产基础上。个人主义方法论是西方经济学体系的基本思想方法,它不仅体现在微观经济理论中,也体现在宏观经济理论。个人主义方法论的思维逻辑符合了在现有经济环境下一般人们的思维特征,因而更易于为一般人所接受,但是它却会把人们对经济活动的认识引向唯心主义的方向。历史唯物主义在以物质生产为起点说明经济活动的同时,辩证地说明人们的思想对客观世界的反映作用,为科学地、客观地认识经济规律指出了方向。
In the field of economics where there are many theoretical factions, there are two basic methodologies for understanding various economic theories in the economic world: the individualist methodologies and the historical materialist methodologies. Individualism regards economic system as the individual who maximizes the interests. Economic activity is the result of people’s behavior, and the behavior is guided by ideological tendency. Therefore, individual psychological tendency becomes the starting point of individualism methodology for economic activity analysis. Based on the basic principle that social existence determines social consciousness, historical materialism analyzes complicated economic phenomena from the way people decide on material production, and bases the economic laws on solid material production. The methodology of individualism is the basic method of thinking in the Western economics system. It is not only embodied in the micro-economic theory but also in the macroeconomic theory. The logic of individualist methodologies is in line with the thinking characteristics of the average person in the present economic environment and therefore easier to be accepted by the average person. However, it leads the people’s understanding of economic activities in the direction of idealism. While describing the economic activities from the point of material production, historical materialism dialectically illustrates the reflection of people’s thinking on the objective world and points out the scientific and objective understanding of economic laws.