近年来,农民看病难、看病贵、因病致贫、因病返贫等问题日益成为社会关注的焦点。为了减轻农民的医疗支出负担,改变农民无钱治病的状况,2002年中国政府提出建立新型农村合作医疗。本文利用抽样调查数据从农民的需求情况、参与情况、认知情况和获益情况四个方面具体考察了新型农村合作医疗的运行状况。研究表明,目前农民对新型合作医疗具有强烈的需求,但是由于新型合作医疗本身制度设计的问题,影响了一部分农民的参与和制度的可持续发展。 In recent years, peasants have become the focus of attention in the society due to their difficulty in seeing and treating doctors, their expensive medical expenses, their poverty due to illness, their return to poverty due to illness, and so on. In order to reduce the burden on farmers for medical expenses and change the situation that farmers have no money to cure their illness, in 2002 the Chinese government proposed the establishment of a new type of rural cooperative medical care. In this paper, we use the sample survey data to examine the operation of the new rural cooperative medical system in four aspects: the demand situation, the participation situation, the cognition situation and the benefit situation of the farmers. The research shows that at present farmers have strong demand for new cooperative medical care, but due to the design of the new cooperative medical system itself, some farmers’ participation and the sustainable development of the system are affected.