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虚拟语气是谓语动词的一种特殊形式,根据虚拟语气所表示的意义,我们可以将虚拟语气分成两大类。一是表示说话人所说的话并不是事实,而是一种假设、愿望、怀疑或推测以及建议、主张等,所说的不可能实现或与事实相反。二是用虚拟语气表示祝愿、诅咒、禁止等。
一、虚拟语气是由句中谓语动词的特殊形式表现出来的,所以在表示与事实相反时,我们以从句中谓语动词的形式为主线,可以将常用的虚拟语气归纳为以下三大类:
(一)从句中的动词时态向后推一位
从句中的动词时态向后推一位, 即与现在事实相反时,从句的动词时态变为过去时(系动词be用were);与过去事实相反时,从句的动词时态变为过去完成时。这样的从句一般位于以下这些词或短语之后:if,以及与if有关的短语(如as if, if only 等)引导的从句中,wish后的从句中,would rather从句中等。
1.if引起的条件状语从句
(1)表示与将来事实相反时,条件从句中的谓语动词通常为:①过去式。②should 加动词原形。 ③were to加动词原形。②和③往往表示的意思是“万一”“要是”, 主句谓语动词为“should/ would/ could/ might(可以将其称作情态动词的过去式”)+动词原形。”例如:
If I became president of this state, I would rule it in a different way.
(2)表示与现在事实相反时,条件从句中的谓语动词为过去式,主句谓语动词和与现在事实相反时的动词相同,为“情态动词的过去式+动词原形。”例如:
If she had enough money, she would( could, might) buy a computer.
(3)表示与过去事实相反时,条件从句中的谓语动词为过去完成时,主句谓语动词为“情态动词的过去式+ 动词原形。”例如:
If you had been here yesterday, you might have seen the basketball superstar. (与过去事实相反)
注意:(1)从句谓语动词为系动词时,一般都用were.
(2)条件从句中的谓语部分有were, should或had 时,if省略,从句要用倒装语序。例如:
Were I you, I would do it in another way.
(3)错综时间条件句
当条件状语从句表示的行为和主句表示的行为所发生的时间不一致时,被称为“错综时间条件句”,动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间作出相应的调整。例如:
If you had listened to me, you wouldn’t be in such a trouble now.(从句表示与过去事实相反,而主句则表示与现在事实相反)
2.as if / though引导的方式、方法状语从句。例如:
(1)He often talks as if he were the hero himself.(与现在事实相反)
(2)The old man looked at the picture; he felt as though he had gone back to 20 years ago. (与过去事实相反)
注意:放在look 和seem之后时要根据具体内容辨析是否是虚拟语气,比如以下两句中陈述的是事实,则不用虚拟语气。例如:
It seems as if the car has broken down.
3.if only,would rather,wish引导的从句中。例如:
If only he had remembered to buy some fruit. (与过去事实相反)
(二)从句谓语动词为“should+动词原形”,should可以省略
1.表示建议、命令、要求、坚持等强烈主观愿望的句子中。引导这样的句子的词主要有一坚持:insist; 二命令:order, command; 三建议:suggest, propose, advise; 四要求: request, require, demand, ask。例如:
注意:(1)这些词不管是以名词、动词还是形容词形式出现,其后从句中的谓语动词都用“should+动词原形”,should可以省略。例如:
He raised a suggestion that the meeting (should) be put off.
(2)suggest表示“暗示”,“表明”时,后面从句中不用虚拟语气。例如:
His pale face suggests that he is ill today.
(3)insist不表示“坚决主张,坚决要求”,而表示“坚持说, 坚持认为”时,后面的从句中不用虚拟语气。例如:
She insisted that he had stolen her bike.
2.It is natural / strange / important / necessary that 引导的主语从句。例如:
It is natural that he (should) try to save the dog’s life in the water though he could not swim.
3.在for fear that, in case, lest引导的从句中,若用虚拟语气时,从句谓语为:“should + 动词原形”且should可省略。例如: She examined the door again for fear that a thief (should) come in.
(三)从句中的谓语动词用一般过去式,但should不能省略
这一用法主要用于“It is(high/ about)time that句型中, 在陈述语气的表达中使用的句型结构是:It is time (for somebody) to do something. ”。例如:
As a student, it’s high time that we took these issues more seriously.
注意:在“It is the first/ second time that”从句中谓语动词用现在完成时,主句谓语动词是was时,从句谓语动词为过去完成时。例如:
It’s the first time (that) the boy has spoken to a foreigner.
(四)在so that, in order that所引导的目的状语从句中,从句中的谓语为:can / could / may / might / will / would / should + 动词原形。例如:
He goes closer to the speaker so that he can hear him clearer.
二、用虚拟语气表示祝愿,诅咒禁止等意义时,一般用于简单句中。
1.说话时,为了表示客气、谦虚、委婉而有礼貌,言语常使用虚拟语气,其虚拟语气的结构形式常为:would / could / might / should + 原形动词。例如:
Would you mind my shutting the door?
2.表示“祝愿”时,常用“may + 主语 + 动词原形 + 其他”。例如:
May you have a good journey!
3.表示强烈的“愿望”、“祝愿”时,常用动词原形。例如:
Long live the Communist Party of China.
4.在习惯表达中如“提出请求或邀请”,“陈述自己的观点或看法”,“提出劝告或建议”等时常用的虚拟语气。例如:
Could I use your bike now?
You should make a full investigation of it first.
5.表示对过去情况的责备时,常用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构为:“情态动词 + have + 过去分词”。例如:
You should have got here earlier.
一、虚拟语气是由句中谓语动词的特殊形式表现出来的,所以在表示与事实相反时,我们以从句中谓语动词的形式为主线,可以将常用的虚拟语气归纳为以下三大类:
(一)从句中的动词时态向后推一位
从句中的动词时态向后推一位, 即与现在事实相反时,从句的动词时态变为过去时(系动词be用were);与过去事实相反时,从句的动词时态变为过去完成时。这样的从句一般位于以下这些词或短语之后:if,以及与if有关的短语(如as if, if only 等)引导的从句中,wish后的从句中,would rather从句中等。
1.if引起的条件状语从句
(1)表示与将来事实相反时,条件从句中的谓语动词通常为:①过去式。②should 加动词原形。 ③were to加动词原形。②和③往往表示的意思是“万一”“要是”, 主句谓语动词为“should/ would/ could/ might(可以将其称作情态动词的过去式”)+动词原形。”例如:
If I became president of this state, I would rule it in a different way.
(2)表示与现在事实相反时,条件从句中的谓语动词为过去式,主句谓语动词和与现在事实相反时的动词相同,为“情态动词的过去式+动词原形。”例如:
If she had enough money, she would( could, might) buy a computer.
(3)表示与过去事实相反时,条件从句中的谓语动词为过去完成时,主句谓语动词为“情态动词的过去式+ 动词原形。”例如:
If you had been here yesterday, you might have seen the basketball superstar. (与过去事实相反)
注意:(1)从句谓语动词为系动词时,一般都用were.
(2)条件从句中的谓语部分有were, should或had 时,if省略,从句要用倒装语序。例如:
Were I you, I would do it in another way.
(3)错综时间条件句
当条件状语从句表示的行为和主句表示的行为所发生的时间不一致时,被称为“错综时间条件句”,动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间作出相应的调整。例如:
If you had listened to me, you wouldn’t be in such a trouble now.(从句表示与过去事实相反,而主句则表示与现在事实相反)
2.as if / though引导的方式、方法状语从句。例如:
(1)He often talks as if he were the hero himself.(与现在事实相反)
(2)The old man looked at the picture; he felt as though he had gone back to 20 years ago. (与过去事实相反)
注意:放在look 和seem之后时要根据具体内容辨析是否是虚拟语气,比如以下两句中陈述的是事实,则不用虚拟语气。例如:
It seems as if the car has broken down.
3.if only,would rather,wish引导的从句中。例如:
If only he had remembered to buy some fruit. (与过去事实相反)
(二)从句谓语动词为“should+动词原形”,should可以省略
1.表示建议、命令、要求、坚持等强烈主观愿望的句子中。引导这样的句子的词主要有一坚持:insist; 二命令:order, command; 三建议:suggest, propose, advise; 四要求: request, require, demand, ask。例如:
注意:(1)这些词不管是以名词、动词还是形容词形式出现,其后从句中的谓语动词都用“should+动词原形”,should可以省略。例如:
He raised a suggestion that the meeting (should) be put off.
(2)suggest表示“暗示”,“表明”时,后面从句中不用虚拟语气。例如:
His pale face suggests that he is ill today.
(3)insist不表示“坚决主张,坚决要求”,而表示“坚持说, 坚持认为”时,后面的从句中不用虚拟语气。例如:
She insisted that he had stolen her bike.
2.It is natural / strange / important / necessary that 引导的主语从句。例如:
It is natural that he (should) try to save the dog’s life in the water though he could not swim.
3.在for fear that, in case, lest引导的从句中,若用虚拟语气时,从句谓语为:“should + 动词原形”且should可省略。例如: She examined the door again for fear that a thief (should) come in.
(三)从句中的谓语动词用一般过去式,但should不能省略
这一用法主要用于“It is(high/ about)time that句型中, 在陈述语气的表达中使用的句型结构是:It is time (for somebody) to do something. ”。例如:
As a student, it’s high time that we took these issues more seriously.
注意:在“It is the first/ second time that”从句中谓语动词用现在完成时,主句谓语动词是was时,从句谓语动词为过去完成时。例如:
It’s the first time (that) the boy has spoken to a foreigner.
(四)在so that, in order that所引导的目的状语从句中,从句中的谓语为:can / could / may / might / will / would / should + 动词原形。例如:
He goes closer to the speaker so that he can hear him clearer.
二、用虚拟语气表示祝愿,诅咒禁止等意义时,一般用于简单句中。
1.说话时,为了表示客气、谦虚、委婉而有礼貌,言语常使用虚拟语气,其虚拟语气的结构形式常为:would / could / might / should + 原形动词。例如:
Would you mind my shutting the door?
2.表示“祝愿”时,常用“may + 主语 + 动词原形 + 其他”。例如:
May you have a good journey!
3.表示强烈的“愿望”、“祝愿”时,常用动词原形。例如:
Long live the Communist Party of China.
4.在习惯表达中如“提出请求或邀请”,“陈述自己的观点或看法”,“提出劝告或建议”等时常用的虚拟语气。例如:
Could I use your bike now?
You should make a full investigation of it first.
5.表示对过去情况的责备时,常用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构为:“情态动词 + have + 过去分词”。例如:
You should have got here earlier.