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线粒体DNA（mitochondrial DNA，mtDNA）是特殊的遗传物质，具有母系遗传、高突变率、高拷贝数和无重组特性，广泛应用于进化遗传学、法医学和分子诊断等领域。对mtDNA遗传标记的研究可以反映一个群体的母系脉络特征，有助于推断群体的母系起源、分析迁移轨迹以及不同群体间的系统发育关系。本文将以达斡尔族为切入点，对达斡尔族人群mtDNA多样性作一综述；并追踪mtDNA遗传多样性在其他人群中的研究进展，为丰富中国人群的遗传信息资源提供重要资料。“,”Mitochondrial DNA (mitochondrial DNA, mtDNA) is a special genetic material that has the characteristics of maternal inheritance, high mutation rate, high copy number and no recombinati-on. It has been applied extensively in fields involving evolutionary genetics, forensic science and molecular diagnosis. The study of mtDNA genetic markers can reflect matrilineal characteristics of a population, help to infer the matrilineal origin of the population, analyze the migration trajectory and the phylogenetic rela-tionship between different populations. This article takes the Daur as an entry point to summarize the mtDNA diversity of the Daur population, track the research progress in mtDNA genetic diversity in other populatio-ns, and provide important information for enriching the genetic information resources of the Chinese popul-ation.