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赫芝于1887年观察到光电效应,后来,爱因斯坦于1905年建立了光电效应的定量关系: E_b=hv-E_k (1)式中E_b为电子电离能或结合能,hv为入射光子能量,E_k为电子动能。这也就是今天由光电子能谱实验求算电子结合能的基本公式。但是对这种电子本身的实验研究,由于它的平均自由程较小,所以只是在六十年代超高真空和电
Hertz observed the photoelectric effect in 1887. Later, Einstein established the quantitative relationship of photoelectric effect in 1905: E_b = hv-E_k (1) where E_b is the electron ionization energy or the binding energy, hv is the incident photon energy , E_k for the electronic kinetic energy. This is the basic formula for calculating the electron binding energy from photoelectron spectroscopy experiments today. However, the experimental study of this electron itself, due to its smaller average free path, is only possible in the 1960s when ultra-high vacuum and electricity