清代(鸦片战争前)对海外贸易的管理,一般是沿袭宋、明以来的做法,在各对外贸易港口设立牙行,由藩司衙门颁给牙贴,负责经营海外贸易.这种牙行,当时亦称为洋行,大概“以其经营海船外洋贸易而得名”。①洋行不仅负有购销货物、评定价格、保纳税金等任务,而且须为出洋贸易的商人作保,为其在海外的所作所为负责.鸦片战争前的厦门洋行、宁波商总和广东十三行均属于此类性质,它不同于近代外商在我国各地开设的洋行.一、厦门洋行与宁波商总清政府设立海关之初,在各对外贸易港口已出现有经营海外贸易的“官商”.这些官商以颁给其牙贴的藩司衙门而得名,如受前尚王任命者,仍沿号称“王商”受总督任命者,称为“总督商人”;受将军任命者,称为“将军商人”;受巡抚任命者,称为“抚院商人”.②至康熙 The management of overseas trade during the Qing dynasty (pre-opium war) generally followed the practices of the Song and Ming dynasties and set up dental trades at the foreign trade ports. The departmental yamen awarded the tooth trades to run the overseas trade. , Also known as foreign firms at that time, probably named after the foreign trade in marine vessels. (1) Matheson not only undertook the tasks of buying and selling goods, appraised the price, and taxed Baosteel, but also insured the merchants of foreign trade and was responsible for what they did abroad. Before the Opium War, Xiamen Merchants Bank, Ningbo Commercial Bank and Guangdong Thirteen The line belongs to this kind of nature, which is different from the modern foreign merchants in various parts of our country opened the line .One, Xiamen and the Ningbo Merchants General Qing government set up customs at the beginning of each foreign trade ports have been operating overseas trade These officials and merchants were named after the vassal Yamen who gave them their tooth stickers, as appointed by the former king, who were still appointed by the Governor along the lines of the so-called “king of wards,” as “governor-merchants.” The general appointment, called “general merchant”; appointed by the governor, known as "To Kangxi