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无论是在美国,还是在联邦德国及其他西方工业国家,都有一些工业部门处于反托拉斯法的适用范围之外(所谓的例外部门)。尤其是公共供应部门(公用事业)、运输部门(公交运输)和电信通讯部门,它们均由各种独立的委员会进行法律上的监督,实行间接的国家管理。这类调节委员会可以通过颁布某些规章法则来影响被调节企业的价格、利润、质量标准状况、协议自由权和市场渗透能力。传统的福利经济学是以市场出现失灵为依据而提出实施调节的,这种市场失灵包括以下几种情况:(1)竞争难以为继;(2)市场机制不复
In the United States, in the Federal Republic of Germany and other Western industrialized countries, there are some industrial sectors that are outside the scope of antitrust law (the so-called exception sector). In particular, the public supply (public utilities), transport (public transport) and telecommunications departments are all supervised by independent commissions and carry out indirect state administration. Such regulatory committees can influence the regulated firm's prices, margins, quality standards, freedom of agreement, and market penetration by promulgating certain regulatory rules. The traditional welfare economics is based on market failure and put forward the implementation of regulation, this market failure include the following situations: (1) competition unsustainable; (2) the market mechanism is no longer