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阅读理解是广东高考试卷中分值最大的题型，试题所用的材料难度适中，但是我们可以看到阅读理解题的考查角度越来越灵活多变。其干扰选项的设置不仅能检测出考生理解、概括、推理等逻辑思维的精确性、深刻性，而且对考生个人心理品质也是一种检验，因此，它常使很多考生陷入误区。笔者结合2013广东高考英语阅读理解试题，将常见的几种干扰项的设置手法进行如下分析：
一、以偏概全原则
这种方法常用于考查文章主旨大意和文章标题的备选选项中。一般来讲，四个选项就答案本身来看，往往在短文中均被提及，甚至个个都对。考生此时要特别注意辨别整体与部分、全面与片面的不同，防止主次不分，以部分代替整体，以偏概全。
[例1]阅读理解B篇，第35小题
Some people think that success is only for those with talent or those who grow up in the right family， and others believe that success mostly comes down to luck..② I’m not going to say luck， talent， and circumstances don’t come into play because they do. Some people are born into the right family while others are born with great intelligence， and that’s just the reality of how life is.
However，to succeed in life，one first needs to set a goal① and then gradually make it more practical. ...
Whatever you do， if you want to become great at it， you need to work day in and day out， almost to the point of addiction， and over a long period of time...
5. What is the main theme of the passage？
A. Having a goal is vital to success. ①
B. Being good is different from being great.
C. One cannot succeed without time and practice.
D. Luck，talent and family help to achieve success.②
解析：该文为议论文，作者认为尽管有些成功的确与天分和运气有关，但是更多是因为努力和不断的实践。本题答案为C，主旨题。可通过文章最后一段主题句“Whatever you do， if you want to become great at it， you need to work day in and day out， almost to the point of addiction， and over a long period of time. ”得知正确项为C。
干扰项A、D均采用”以偏概全”法。目标、运气、才能和家庭这些因素在短文中都已提到，但都是为全文中心服务的，属于支撑细节，不能当成全文的主题。
[例2]阅读理解D篇，第45小题
In the battle against cheating，this is the cutting edge and a key to encourage honesty in the booming field of online education. The technology gives trust to the entire system，to the institution and to online education in general. Only with solid measures against cheating， experts say， can Internet universities show that their exams and diplomas are valid— that students haven’t just searched the Internet to get the right answers.
Aside from the web cameras，a number of other high-tick methods are becoming increasingly popular...
45. Which of the following is the best title of this passage？
A. The Advantages of Online Exams
B. The High-tech Methods in Online Courses
C. The Fight against Cheating in Online Education
D. The War against the Booming of Online Education
解析：该文为说明文，讲述了当今网络课程流行，如何去处理网络课程中的作弊问题。本题答案为C，主旨题，文章主题句位于第三段第一句“In the battle against cheating， this is the cutting edge and a key to encourage honesty in the booming field of online education.”可得知本文主要讨论网络课程的防作弊问题，故选C。而B项为最大干扰项，虽在短文中也被提及，但只是部分不是整体，是“点”而非“面”。 二、无中生有原则
这种干扰方法常见于多种题材的文章中，是错误干扰项经常使用的原则，特点是凭空捏造，但所“造”的内容通常与文章所谈论的主题相关，并且看上去很符合提出的问题。而事实上文章中根本没有谈及干扰项内容，选项更不可能是正确选项。
[例3]阅读理解A篇，第26小题
Imagination and fantasy can play an important role in achieving the things we fear. Children know this very well. Fred Epstein， in his book If I Make It to Five， tells a story he heard from one of friends about Tom， a four-year-old boy with a cancer in his back bone. He came through several operations and a lot of pain by mastering his imagination.
Tom loved to pretend， and he particularly loved to play superheroes， Dr Epstein explained that it was actually a brilliant way for his young mind to handle the terrifying and painful life he led.
26. What do we know about Tom？
A. He was seriously ill.
B. He was a dishonest boy.
C. He was crazy about magic.
D. He was Dr. Epstein’s patient.
解析：该文通过小男孩Tom通过想象自己为超级英雄的方式战胜病魔的故事，来告诉我们想象力可以帮助我们战胜苦难取得成功。本题答案为A，细节题。无定位词，可通过题文一致原则（命题的顺序性原则）得知本题出现在文章第一段，根据第一段此句 “...about Tom， a four-year-old boy with a cancer in his back bone. He came through several operations and a lot of pain by mastering his imagination.”得知，Tom 得了癌症，并且经历了许多次手术，即他病得很严重。而干扰项B（他是不诚实的男孩），C（他对魔术很狂热），D（他是Dr. Epstein的病人）都运用了“无中生有原则”，它的干扰因素就是把文章未提及的编造一个说法使考生困扰，这样对原文理解不透彻的同学就很有可能犯错。
[例4]阅读理解A篇，第28小题
The day before his third trip to the operating room， Tom was terribly afraid. “Maybe I could go as Superman，” he whispered to his mom. Hearing this， the mother hesitated for a while. She had avoided buying the expensive costume （戏装），but finally she agreed.
The next day Tom appeared as the powerful Superman， showing off...
28. When Tom went for the third operation，he .
A. pretended to be painful
B. acted like a superhero
C. appeared in poor spirits
D. argued with his mother
解析：可通过题干third operation 定位至第三段和第四段，答案出现在第四段，第四段提到Tom 打扮成超人的样子进手术室，并且手术很成功，可得知正确项为B，选项A（假装很痛苦）文章未提及，C选项与文章相反，D（与母亲争辩）文中未提及。选项A跟D都运用了“无中生有原则”。
三、望文生义原则
这种干扰方法常用于字句理解的备选选项中。考生往往仅凭字面或单从个别句子甚至若干句子的表面意思进行浅层理解，因而忽视了具体语境或一些特定的修辞手段。
[例5]阅读理解D篇，第42小题
In the battle against cheating， this is the cutting edge and a key to encourage honesty in the booming field of online education. The technology gives trust to the entire system， to the institution and to online education in general. Only with solid measures against cheating，experts say， can Internet universities show that their exams and diplomas are valid— that students haven’t just searched the Internet to get the right answers. 42. The underlined expression “cutting edge” in Paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to ______.
A. advanced technique B. sharpening tool
C. effective rule D. dividing line
解析：cutting edge与key是并列关系，同时二者都可以做到鼓励诚实行为。前面this所指代的为上文中提到的防作弊先进技术，由此得知cutting edge应该为advanced technique。而如果考生们只看到cutting edge的原本意思“刀刃； 剪刃”，就会很轻易地选到干扰项B.sharpening tool （磨锐刀具）。
[例6]阅读理解C篇，第37小题
I looked at David and showed him to a chair. How could I help him？ There are problems psychology doesn’t have the answer to， and which no words can describe. Sometimes the best thing one can do is to listen openly and sympathetically.
37. As a psychologist， the author .
A. was ready to listen to David
B. was skeptical about psychology
C. was able to describe David’s problem
D. was sure of handling David’s problem
解析：该文描述了作者受一位教师所托，帮助一位失去家人的孩子David，作者通过下象棋渐渐让David一步步敞开心扉，最后成功地融入了学校生活中。本题答案为A，推断题，无定位词，可通过题文一致原则大致定位在第二段，第二段中“Sometimes the best thing one can do is to listen openly and sympathetically.”说明作者认为有时候最好的方法就是倾听，故选A。有些考生看到题干的As a psychologist（作为一名心理学家）就会马上反映出心理医生的职责，而错选到干扰项C（能描述病人的问题）或D（能处理好病人的问题）。
四、鱼目混珠法
在设计阅读理解题的选项时，命题者可能在干扰项中保留原文的大部分词句，给考生一种错觉，选项与原文意思差不多，但实际上内容有所改动，产生了不一样，甚至相反的意思。旨在考查考生对部分细节的解读能力。
[例7]阅读理解C篇，第39小题
... Some months later，when we were playing chess， he looked up at me suddenly.
“It’s your turn，” he said.
After that day， David started talking. He got friends in school③ and joined a bicycle club. He wrote to me a few times about his biking① with some friends， and about his plan to get into university②. Now he had really started to live his own life.
39. What can be inferred about David？
A. He recovered after months of treatment.
B. He liked biking① before he lost his family.
C. He went into university② soon after starting to talk.
D. He got friends in school③ before he met the author.
解析：本题答案为A，推断题，无定位词，题文一致原则大约推断在5-7段：
“Some months later， when we were playing chess， he looked up at me suddenly.
“It’s your turn，” he said.
After that day， David started talking. He got friends in school and joined a bicycle club.
在治疗的几个月后，David突然开口说话了，并在之后的日子中回归了正常的学习生活，因此选A。干扰项B、C、D运用了“鱼目混珠”法，如果考生没有在深层次上理解文章，而是仅凭文中的部分细节及选项，看上去都与原文很相似，就极易误选答案。B选项中的before， C选项中的soon after以及D选项中的before这些时间的描述都与原意不符。
综上所述，阅读理解干扰项设置有一定的规律可循，如果我们做题时能够把握干扰项的特点，准确捕捉选项的错误信息点，或不合题目要求的信息点，必将起到事半功倍的作用，提高理解的准确率。当然阅读能力的提高不是一朝一夕的事情，还需要同学们在平时的学习过程当中多练习、多分析、多动脑、多积累。
（作者单位：汕尾市陆丰市东海龙潭中学）
责任编校 蒋小青
一、以偏概全原则
这种方法常用于考查文章主旨大意和文章标题的备选选项中。一般来讲，四个选项就答案本身来看，往往在短文中均被提及，甚至个个都对。考生此时要特别注意辨别整体与部分、全面与片面的不同，防止主次不分，以部分代替整体，以偏概全。
[例1]阅读理解B篇，第35小题
Some people think that success is only for those with talent or those who grow up in the right family， and others believe that success mostly comes down to luck..② I’m not going to say luck， talent， and circumstances don’t come into play because they do. Some people are born into the right family while others are born with great intelligence， and that’s just the reality of how life is.
However，to succeed in life，one first needs to set a goal① and then gradually make it more practical. ...
Whatever you do， if you want to become great at it， you need to work day in and day out， almost to the point of addiction， and over a long period of time...
5. What is the main theme of the passage？
A. Having a goal is vital to success. ①
B. Being good is different from being great.
C. One cannot succeed without time and practice.
D. Luck，talent and family help to achieve success.②
解析：该文为议论文，作者认为尽管有些成功的确与天分和运气有关，但是更多是因为努力和不断的实践。本题答案为C，主旨题。可通过文章最后一段主题句“Whatever you do， if you want to become great at it， you need to work day in and day out， almost to the point of addiction， and over a long period of time. ”得知正确项为C。
干扰项A、D均采用”以偏概全”法。目标、运气、才能和家庭这些因素在短文中都已提到，但都是为全文中心服务的，属于支撑细节，不能当成全文的主题。
[例2]阅读理解D篇，第45小题
In the battle against cheating，this is the cutting edge and a key to encourage honesty in the booming field of online education. The technology gives trust to the entire system，to the institution and to online education in general. Only with solid measures against cheating， experts say， can Internet universities show that their exams and diplomas are valid— that students haven’t just searched the Internet to get the right answers.
Aside from the web cameras，a number of other high-tick methods are becoming increasingly popular...
45. Which of the following is the best title of this passage？
A. The Advantages of Online Exams
B. The High-tech Methods in Online Courses
C. The Fight against Cheating in Online Education
D. The War against the Booming of Online Education
解析：该文为说明文，讲述了当今网络课程流行，如何去处理网络课程中的作弊问题。本题答案为C，主旨题，文章主题句位于第三段第一句“In the battle against cheating， this is the cutting edge and a key to encourage honesty in the booming field of online education.”可得知本文主要讨论网络课程的防作弊问题，故选C。而B项为最大干扰项，虽在短文中也被提及，但只是部分不是整体，是“点”而非“面”。 二、无中生有原则
这种干扰方法常见于多种题材的文章中，是错误干扰项经常使用的原则，特点是凭空捏造，但所“造”的内容通常与文章所谈论的主题相关，并且看上去很符合提出的问题。而事实上文章中根本没有谈及干扰项内容，选项更不可能是正确选项。
[例3]阅读理解A篇，第26小题
Imagination and fantasy can play an important role in achieving the things we fear. Children know this very well. Fred Epstein， in his book If I Make It to Five， tells a story he heard from one of friends about Tom， a four-year-old boy with a cancer in his back bone. He came through several operations and a lot of pain by mastering his imagination.
Tom loved to pretend， and he particularly loved to play superheroes， Dr Epstein explained that it was actually a brilliant way for his young mind to handle the terrifying and painful life he led.
26. What do we know about Tom？
A. He was seriously ill.
B. He was a dishonest boy.
C. He was crazy about magic.
D. He was Dr. Epstein’s patient.
解析：该文通过小男孩Tom通过想象自己为超级英雄的方式战胜病魔的故事，来告诉我们想象力可以帮助我们战胜苦难取得成功。本题答案为A，细节题。无定位词，可通过题文一致原则（命题的顺序性原则）得知本题出现在文章第一段，根据第一段此句 “...about Tom， a four-year-old boy with a cancer in his back bone. He came through several operations and a lot of pain by mastering his imagination.”得知，Tom 得了癌症，并且经历了许多次手术，即他病得很严重。而干扰项B（他是不诚实的男孩），C（他对魔术很狂热），D（他是Dr. Epstein的病人）都运用了“无中生有原则”，它的干扰因素就是把文章未提及的编造一个说法使考生困扰，这样对原文理解不透彻的同学就很有可能犯错。
[例4]阅读理解A篇，第28小题
The day before his third trip to the operating room， Tom was terribly afraid. “Maybe I could go as Superman，” he whispered to his mom. Hearing this， the mother hesitated for a while. She had avoided buying the expensive costume （戏装），but finally she agreed.
The next day Tom appeared as the powerful Superman， showing off...
28. When Tom went for the third operation，he .
A. pretended to be painful
B. acted like a superhero
C. appeared in poor spirits
D. argued with his mother
解析：可通过题干third operation 定位至第三段和第四段，答案出现在第四段，第四段提到Tom 打扮成超人的样子进手术室，并且手术很成功，可得知正确项为B，选项A（假装很痛苦）文章未提及，C选项与文章相反，D（与母亲争辩）文中未提及。选项A跟D都运用了“无中生有原则”。
三、望文生义原则
这种干扰方法常用于字句理解的备选选项中。考生往往仅凭字面或单从个别句子甚至若干句子的表面意思进行浅层理解，因而忽视了具体语境或一些特定的修辞手段。
[例5]阅读理解D篇，第42小题
In the battle against cheating， this is the cutting edge and a key to encourage honesty in the booming field of online education. The technology gives trust to the entire system， to the institution and to online education in general. Only with solid measures against cheating，experts say， can Internet universities show that their exams and diplomas are valid— that students haven’t just searched the Internet to get the right answers. 42. The underlined expression “cutting edge” in Paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to ______.
A. advanced technique B. sharpening tool
C. effective rule D. dividing line
解析：cutting edge与key是并列关系，同时二者都可以做到鼓励诚实行为。前面this所指代的为上文中提到的防作弊先进技术，由此得知cutting edge应该为advanced technique。而如果考生们只看到cutting edge的原本意思“刀刃； 剪刃”，就会很轻易地选到干扰项B.sharpening tool （磨锐刀具）。
[例6]阅读理解C篇，第37小题
I looked at David and showed him to a chair. How could I help him？ There are problems psychology doesn’t have the answer to， and which no words can describe. Sometimes the best thing one can do is to listen openly and sympathetically.
37. As a psychologist， the author .
A. was ready to listen to David
B. was skeptical about psychology
C. was able to describe David’s problem
D. was sure of handling David’s problem
解析：该文描述了作者受一位教师所托，帮助一位失去家人的孩子David，作者通过下象棋渐渐让David一步步敞开心扉，最后成功地融入了学校生活中。本题答案为A，推断题，无定位词，可通过题文一致原则大致定位在第二段，第二段中“Sometimes the best thing one can do is to listen openly and sympathetically.”说明作者认为有时候最好的方法就是倾听，故选A。有些考生看到题干的As a psychologist（作为一名心理学家）就会马上反映出心理医生的职责，而错选到干扰项C（能描述病人的问题）或D（能处理好病人的问题）。
四、鱼目混珠法
在设计阅读理解题的选项时，命题者可能在干扰项中保留原文的大部分词句，给考生一种错觉，选项与原文意思差不多，但实际上内容有所改动，产生了不一样，甚至相反的意思。旨在考查考生对部分细节的解读能力。
[例7]阅读理解C篇，第39小题
... Some months later，when we were playing chess， he looked up at me suddenly.
“It’s your turn，” he said.
After that day， David started talking. He got friends in school③ and joined a bicycle club. He wrote to me a few times about his biking① with some friends， and about his plan to get into university②. Now he had really started to live his own life.
39. What can be inferred about David？
A. He recovered after months of treatment.
B. He liked biking① before he lost his family.
C. He went into university② soon after starting to talk.
D. He got friends in school③ before he met the author.
解析：本题答案为A，推断题，无定位词，题文一致原则大约推断在5-7段：
“Some months later， when we were playing chess， he looked up at me suddenly.
“It’s your turn，” he said.
After that day， David started talking. He got friends in school and joined a bicycle club.
在治疗的几个月后，David突然开口说话了，并在之后的日子中回归了正常的学习生活，因此选A。干扰项B、C、D运用了“鱼目混珠”法，如果考生没有在深层次上理解文章，而是仅凭文中的部分细节及选项，看上去都与原文很相似，就极易误选答案。B选项中的before， C选项中的soon after以及D选项中的before这些时间的描述都与原意不符。
综上所述，阅读理解干扰项设置有一定的规律可循，如果我们做题时能够把握干扰项的特点，准确捕捉选项的错误信息点，或不合题目要求的信息点，必将起到事半功倍的作用，提高理解的准确率。当然阅读能力的提高不是一朝一夕的事情，还需要同学们在平时的学习过程当中多练习、多分析、多动脑、多积累。
（作者单位：汕尾市陆丰市东海龙潭中学）
责任编校 蒋小青