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On January 21， 2015， the local official defined it as an incident rather than an accident while responding to the stampede of the bund. Whether it is an incident or an accident， it became a painful point of the beginning of 2015， which will haunt people for a long time. It is for certain that whether it is defined as incident or accident， the responsibility will be investigated according to the law. We just cannot help to ask， how could stampede be resemble to domino， and people fall so quickly， is the occurrence of stampede accidental or inevitable？ How can we avoid such kind of incident？ What should every individual do when the incident happens？
The stampede comes with the god of death
"At 23.35 of December 31， 2014， a stampede happened in the bund of Huangpu District of Shanghai." Some survivors recalled that at that time the crowd of people were not only in panic， but also helpless. Among them， Guoxian， one of news and media people， journalist of Nanfang Metropolis Daily is also the witness of the disaster who has experienced it. In his eyes， the number of people was "so large that it was creepy".
According to him， "At 23.33， some people at the lowest stairs fell， and people around wanted to help them to stand up. However， a crowd of people flooded there from the upper stairs and more people were buried. The screaming was submerged before it could come out of the mouths， and became vague whimpers，" he said， "A disaster fell， and the people who were under the flood of people were facing the threat of death！"
So the "god of death" really came. In the following news， the stampede saw 35 deaths and 49 injured， among whom the youngest was 12 years old and the oldest was 37. While mourning for the sudden occurrence of deaths， we also find that the stampede is not an extreme case.
Actually， there are many countries which have experienced "stampede" internationally.
According to reports， the most tragic stampede happened in Mecca， Saudi Arabia in 1990. At that time， 1426 pilgrims died due to stampede or asphyxia. In addition， the numerous stampedes include： May 29， 1985， in the Heysel Disaster of Brussels， Belgium， 39 people died; On July 20， 2001， the firework stampede of Okura seashore， Akashi saw 11 deaths; On November 22， 2010， Water Festival in a cable-stayed bridge of Diamond Athuruga， Phnom Penh， Cambodia saw 347 deaths; in October 2013， the stampede of the temple of Madhya Pradesh resulted in 109 deaths. Usually， in people's opinion， after a place sees the occurrence of stampede， it will not repeat the tragedy. However， in fact， the holy city of Mecca has never walked out of the tragic destiny of 1990. Stampede happened there again in 1994， 1998， 2004 and 2006， and the number of deaths are 270， 119， 251 and 362 relatively.
Who touchs the domino？
The frequently happened stampedes make people shock by that there was no omen before the incidents and also make the witnesses frightened afterwards， and utter the sound of both frightened and rejoiced. It is like the "domino"， in the stampede， when one person falls， there will be another， and the tragedy of the crowd happens like this. When some people are mourning for the deaths， more people are looking around to see "who" has touched the domino？ And what are the straws that are added to the tragedy one after another？
For the stampede of the bund， at present， 11 officials are held to be account. The investigation report that is open to the public defines it clearly as "a public security accountability incident which was due to inadequate precautions against public activity， incompetent on-the-spot management， and inappropriate measures， resulting in stampede and serious deaths， injuries and consequences."
The united investigation team concludes the reasons of the stampede of the bund into five aspects： first of all， no assessment of the risk of the new year countdown was made; secondly， the changes of the information of the new year countdown were not fully publicized; thirdly， the precautions were inadequate; besides， the inspection personnel did not predict or give early warning or alarm information; last but not least， inappropriate measures. Take the police force as an example， on the spot of the incident there were only 350 policemen， 108 city management and assistant personnel and 100 armed policemen， there was a shortage of security guard.
Meanwhile， data show that India is the "serious disaster-stricken area" of stampede. The number and frequency of the stampedes of India in the past several years is very astounding. To quote the viewpoint of the security analyst of the International Herald Leader， stampedes often happen in the religious festivals of India， and the lack of necessary security measure is an ineligible cause of the tragedy in addition to the crowed people and narrow venue. On one side， there are numerous pilgrims， including children and women， most of who are tired and nervous; on the other side， large-scale religious festivals mainly rely on the security guard arranged by the religious organizations and the government is not often involved， so the management measures of the organizer are bad and the awareness of precautions is weak. At the same time， the infrastructure of India is very weak and the capacity of roads and bridges is limited. All these factors have added to the possibility of the occurrence of stampedes. Besides， we should not forget that the "rumour" is also the "accomplice" of stampedes. For example， as for the stampede happened during the Water Festival of Cambodia in 2010， according to the investigation of the police， before the tragedy， the suspension bridge， which was the core position of the stampede swung， and many people did not know it was normal for the suspension bridge to swing and thought that the bridge would collapse soon， so hearing the rumour， people ran away crazily， which lead to the tradegy.
“Better late than never”， the occurrence of stampede should be avoided
It is universally recognized that security is a systematic project， and an error in any chain can lead to danger or potential danger to the security of the whole. Therefore， as the saying goes， "To forget the history means to betray". As for disasters， people should keep alert and take precautions to prevent the repeat of the disasters positively in addition to having self-examination.
Germany， which is known for its preciseness， has also suffered from stampede. In 2010， Duisburg of Germany saw "The Love Parade"， an electronic dance music festival， in which 21 people died and more than 500 people injured. After the tragedy， the mayor failed in the referendum. Germany learned from it， and every time there is a large group activity， the precautions are considered， enough medical staff and security guards are arranged to separate the crowd of people， set sign boards and ensure the rescue channel unblocked.
It is similar that in international metropolises such as New York and Los Angeles of the U.S.， when there is festival， it becomes croweded with a large number of people. According to data， in order to ensure the safety of people who participate in the activities， local organizers ease the pressure of the stream of people by setting strict limitation to the number of people through traffic control， leading the participants to walk along the same direction and organizing the evacuation of the vehicles. In addition， according to the reports， some carnivals in North America predict the number of people and vehicles in the venue according to scientific judgments， and decide whether to let people or vehicles in according to the situation.
As for the above-mentioned tragic holy city of Mecca， after 2006 it adopts the quota system that only 1000 of a million pilgrims are allowed to pilgrimage， makes adjustments to those places with fewer entrances， sets up ferry buses to control the stream of vehicles and adds to entrances， in order to be prepared for accidents. As for the panic of people caused by rumour， the most direct solution is to release information to the public. For example， many venues for large-scale activities in America and Europe stipulate strictly that there should be enough cable broadcasts to ensure that true information can get across to every corner of the venue， and the broadcast can be used to give tips and guidance. In addition， some countries， for example Canada， prohibit the sales and drinking of alcohol in large-scale activities like firework festival， which is a consideration of safety.
The most urgent is to learn self-rescue
"Human fortunes are unpredictable as the weather"， although the government can have various precautions to deal with crisis before the disasters fall， if every individual can have a good knowledge of self-rescue， the number of casualty can be decreased greatly. For example， in the "911" terrorist attack， those who fled successfully had more or less common sense of self-rescue in addition to good luck.
Some experts say， "At present people's awareness of preventing and relieving disasters is very weak， which makes their minds blank when they come across danger， therefore they do not know how to protect themselves and even do some things that will worsen the situation." So experts suggest that， in the venues with limited space and high density of people， such as stadium， shopping center， bars and religious pilgrimage ceremony， people should strengthen their awareness of security and precaution. For example， people should avoid large turnings， stairs and narrow passages and where people stop for watching. In addition， it is better to be close to the location that can do some climbing， because when stampede happens it is often in vain to struggle towards right or left， instead parapets can be good shelters.
However， in some situations where stampede is inevitable， people have three ways to protect themselves， "To cross ten fingers and protect the neck and the back side of the head. Put two elbows forward and protect the head; when you fall， bend your knees as forward as possible， protect the important organs such as chest and abdomen， lie on your side; in a crowd of people， make the left hand grip and the right hand grip the left wrist， fold your arms in front of your breast horizontally and form some space to breathe". At the same time， experts remind that when stampede happens， in addition to calling the police and waiting for rescue， people should also have self-rescue and buddy rescue， and the heavily wounded， the old， children and women should be aided first.
The stampede comes with the god of death
"At 23.35 of December 31， 2014， a stampede happened in the bund of Huangpu District of Shanghai." Some survivors recalled that at that time the crowd of people were not only in panic， but also helpless. Among them， Guoxian， one of news and media people， journalist of Nanfang Metropolis Daily is also the witness of the disaster who has experienced it. In his eyes， the number of people was "so large that it was creepy".
According to him， "At 23.33， some people at the lowest stairs fell， and people around wanted to help them to stand up. However， a crowd of people flooded there from the upper stairs and more people were buried. The screaming was submerged before it could come out of the mouths， and became vague whimpers，" he said， "A disaster fell， and the people who were under the flood of people were facing the threat of death！"
So the "god of death" really came. In the following news， the stampede saw 35 deaths and 49 injured， among whom the youngest was 12 years old and the oldest was 37. While mourning for the sudden occurrence of deaths， we also find that the stampede is not an extreme case.
Actually， there are many countries which have experienced "stampede" internationally.
According to reports， the most tragic stampede happened in Mecca， Saudi Arabia in 1990. At that time， 1426 pilgrims died due to stampede or asphyxia. In addition， the numerous stampedes include： May 29， 1985， in the Heysel Disaster of Brussels， Belgium， 39 people died; On July 20， 2001， the firework stampede of Okura seashore， Akashi saw 11 deaths; On November 22， 2010， Water Festival in a cable-stayed bridge of Diamond Athuruga， Phnom Penh， Cambodia saw 347 deaths; in October 2013， the stampede of the temple of Madhya Pradesh resulted in 109 deaths. Usually， in people's opinion， after a place sees the occurrence of stampede， it will not repeat the tragedy. However， in fact， the holy city of Mecca has never walked out of the tragic destiny of 1990. Stampede happened there again in 1994， 1998， 2004 and 2006， and the number of deaths are 270， 119， 251 and 362 relatively.
Who touchs the domino？
The frequently happened stampedes make people shock by that there was no omen before the incidents and also make the witnesses frightened afterwards， and utter the sound of both frightened and rejoiced. It is like the "domino"， in the stampede， when one person falls， there will be another， and the tragedy of the crowd happens like this. When some people are mourning for the deaths， more people are looking around to see "who" has touched the domino？ And what are the straws that are added to the tragedy one after another？
For the stampede of the bund， at present， 11 officials are held to be account. The investigation report that is open to the public defines it clearly as "a public security accountability incident which was due to inadequate precautions against public activity， incompetent on-the-spot management， and inappropriate measures， resulting in stampede and serious deaths， injuries and consequences."
The united investigation team concludes the reasons of the stampede of the bund into five aspects： first of all， no assessment of the risk of the new year countdown was made; secondly， the changes of the information of the new year countdown were not fully publicized; thirdly， the precautions were inadequate; besides， the inspection personnel did not predict or give early warning or alarm information; last but not least， inappropriate measures. Take the police force as an example， on the spot of the incident there were only 350 policemen， 108 city management and assistant personnel and 100 armed policemen， there was a shortage of security guard.
Meanwhile， data show that India is the "serious disaster-stricken area" of stampede. The number and frequency of the stampedes of India in the past several years is very astounding. To quote the viewpoint of the security analyst of the International Herald Leader， stampedes often happen in the religious festivals of India， and the lack of necessary security measure is an ineligible cause of the tragedy in addition to the crowed people and narrow venue. On one side， there are numerous pilgrims， including children and women， most of who are tired and nervous; on the other side， large-scale religious festivals mainly rely on the security guard arranged by the religious organizations and the government is not often involved， so the management measures of the organizer are bad and the awareness of precautions is weak. At the same time， the infrastructure of India is very weak and the capacity of roads and bridges is limited. All these factors have added to the possibility of the occurrence of stampedes. Besides， we should not forget that the "rumour" is also the "accomplice" of stampedes. For example， as for the stampede happened during the Water Festival of Cambodia in 2010， according to the investigation of the police， before the tragedy， the suspension bridge， which was the core position of the stampede swung， and many people did not know it was normal for the suspension bridge to swing and thought that the bridge would collapse soon， so hearing the rumour， people ran away crazily， which lead to the tradegy.
“Better late than never”， the occurrence of stampede should be avoided
It is universally recognized that security is a systematic project， and an error in any chain can lead to danger or potential danger to the security of the whole. Therefore， as the saying goes， "To forget the history means to betray". As for disasters， people should keep alert and take precautions to prevent the repeat of the disasters positively in addition to having self-examination.
Germany， which is known for its preciseness， has also suffered from stampede. In 2010， Duisburg of Germany saw "The Love Parade"， an electronic dance music festival， in which 21 people died and more than 500 people injured. After the tragedy， the mayor failed in the referendum. Germany learned from it， and every time there is a large group activity， the precautions are considered， enough medical staff and security guards are arranged to separate the crowd of people， set sign boards and ensure the rescue channel unblocked.
It is similar that in international metropolises such as New York and Los Angeles of the U.S.， when there is festival， it becomes croweded with a large number of people. According to data， in order to ensure the safety of people who participate in the activities， local organizers ease the pressure of the stream of people by setting strict limitation to the number of people through traffic control， leading the participants to walk along the same direction and organizing the evacuation of the vehicles. In addition， according to the reports， some carnivals in North America predict the number of people and vehicles in the venue according to scientific judgments， and decide whether to let people or vehicles in according to the situation.
As for the above-mentioned tragic holy city of Mecca， after 2006 it adopts the quota system that only 1000 of a million pilgrims are allowed to pilgrimage， makes adjustments to those places with fewer entrances， sets up ferry buses to control the stream of vehicles and adds to entrances， in order to be prepared for accidents. As for the panic of people caused by rumour， the most direct solution is to release information to the public. For example， many venues for large-scale activities in America and Europe stipulate strictly that there should be enough cable broadcasts to ensure that true information can get across to every corner of the venue， and the broadcast can be used to give tips and guidance. In addition， some countries， for example Canada， prohibit the sales and drinking of alcohol in large-scale activities like firework festival， which is a consideration of safety.
The most urgent is to learn self-rescue
"Human fortunes are unpredictable as the weather"， although the government can have various precautions to deal with crisis before the disasters fall， if every individual can have a good knowledge of self-rescue， the number of casualty can be decreased greatly. For example， in the "911" terrorist attack， those who fled successfully had more or less common sense of self-rescue in addition to good luck.
Some experts say， "At present people's awareness of preventing and relieving disasters is very weak， which makes their minds blank when they come across danger， therefore they do not know how to protect themselves and even do some things that will worsen the situation." So experts suggest that， in the venues with limited space and high density of people， such as stadium， shopping center， bars and religious pilgrimage ceremony， people should strengthen their awareness of security and precaution. For example， people should avoid large turnings， stairs and narrow passages and where people stop for watching. In addition， it is better to be close to the location that can do some climbing， because when stampede happens it is often in vain to struggle towards right or left， instead parapets can be good shelters.
However， in some situations where stampede is inevitable， people have three ways to protect themselves， "To cross ten fingers and protect the neck and the back side of the head. Put two elbows forward and protect the head; when you fall， bend your knees as forward as possible， protect the important organs such as chest and abdomen， lie on your side; in a crowd of people， make the left hand grip and the right hand grip the left wrist， fold your arms in front of your breast horizontally and form some space to breathe". At the same time， experts remind that when stampede happens， in addition to calling the police and waiting for rescue， people should also have self-rescue and buddy rescue， and the heavily wounded， the old， children and women should be aided first.