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本文回顾晚清时期由传统的“夷夏”“古今”之辨逐渐形成的用以指涉“西学”和“中学”的“新旧”观念，进而探讨“新旧之辨”演变为“五四”时期的显题或主题，成为反映五四新文化运动之多元性的一个根本范式。作者指出，“新旧”观念从晚清到“五四”的推演，大体上经历了“旧道新艺”——“旧道新政”——“旧道新道”这样前后相连的三个阶段，表明“新旧”冲突在五四时期进入到了文化的深层结构中，反映了人们认识的深化。五四新文化运动，总体上是在“崇新”、“尚旧”和“新旧调和”这样三种不同的立场和态度之下展开的，而“新”获得了对“旧”的优势，“新”不容“旧”占据了上风。与中国近代的社会政治现实相联系，文化激进主义与文化保守主义相互刺激、相竞而长，以致形成了难以兼容的两极，在“非此即彼”的思维方式上两极相通。“思想自由”原则使五四新文化运动呈现出多元和自由选择的整体态势，为中国思想文化的重建提供了各种思想资源。“思想自由”应该是“五四”的最大遗产
This article reviews the concept of “old and new” gradually referring to “Western Learning” and “Middle School” from the traditional “Yixia” “ancient and modern” in the late Qing period, and then explores the evolution of “discrimination between old and new” to “the May 4th Movement” The epoch or theme of the period has become a fundamental paradigm that reflects the pluralism of the May Fourth New Culture Movement. The author points out that the concept of “old and new” from the late Qing Dynasty to the “May 4th” generalization has generally experienced three stages of “old road and new art” - “old road and new road” - “old road and new road” Old and new “conflict entered into the deep structure of culture during the May 4th Movement, reflecting the deepening of people’s understanding. The May Fourth New Culture Movement was generally conducted under three different positions and attitudes of ”resurgence“, ”being old“ and ”reconciliation of old and new“, while ”new“ won the advantage of ”old“ ”New“ can not be ”old“ prevailed. Being associated with the social and political reality in modern China, cultural activism and cultural conservatism stimulate each other and compete with each other. As a result, they form poles that are incompatible with each other. They are extremely polarized in the ”non-equivalent“ thinking mode. The principle of ”freedom of thought“ made the May Fourth New Culture Movement show the overall trend of pluralism and freedom of choice, and provided various ideological resources for the reconstruction of Chinese ideology and culture. ”Freedom of thought" should be the greatest legacy of the May Fourth Movement