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明代与唐代的宦官专权有很大的不同。明朝中晚期“权宦”不论多么嚣张,皇帝一纸诏书就能轻而易举铲除,宦官的兴衰荣辱完全操持在皇帝手里;唐朝中晚期宦官则把持朝政,到了后期甚至能够操纵皇帝的废立乃至生死。造成这种不同的原因在于明朝的政治制度设计出现了重大变革。唐代政治制度设计,中央政府皇权相权划分,为避免外朝“权臣”专权,帝王们只好想方设法侵夺宰相权力。“权臣”得以产生的制度基础并没有消除。结果是“权臣”专权以另一种形式在内朝出现——这就是中晚唐时期严重的“宦官”专权。明王朝的政治制度,中央政府废除了中书省和宰相,兵制设计避免将帅擅兵自立,确保了军政大权掌握在皇帝手中。消除了“权臣”得以产生的制度基础。明朝的政治制度设计让即使是司礼监权倾朝野的大太监也无法摆脱皇帝掌控。明中叶以后,皇帝怠政,让司礼监大太监代自己处理政务,明朝中晚期宦官之所以能弄权,与得到皇帝纵容、甚至默许不无关系。
The eunuchs in the Ming and Tang dynasties were very different. No matter how arrogant, however, the imperial edict can be easily eradicated, the ebb and flow of eunuchs are completely in the hands of the emperor. In the late Tang Dynasty, the eunuchs dominated the government, and in the latter period they even manipulated the emperor’s abolition Even life and death. The reason for this difference lies in the significant changes that took place in the design of Ming’s political system. In the design of the political system in the Tang Dynasty and the division of the imperial power of the Central Government, in order to avoid the exclusive authority of the DPRK and the DPRK, the emperors had to find ways to invade the power of the prime minister. “Quanchen ” The system foundation that can produce did not eliminate. The result is that the “Quanchen” power appears in another form - that is, serious “eunuchs” in the middle and late Tang dynasties. The Ming dynasty’s political system, the Central Government abolished the Central Plains province and the prime minister, military design to avoid the handsome generals, to ensure that military and political power in the hands of the emperor. Eliminate the institutional basis that “Quan Quan” can produce. The Ming dynasty’s political system was designed so that even the eunuchs, who were in charge of the Sili eunuchs, could not get out of control of the emperor. After the middle of Ming Dynasty, the emperor was idle, allowing the chief eunuch to handle government affairs on its own behalf. The eunuchs in the middle and late Ming dynasty were empowered to gain rights and connived at, or even acquiesced to, the emperor.