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从稻麦农田养分循环和养分管理2个方面对稻麦轮作进行了综述。结果表明:作物吸收养分是稻麦农田养分循环的重要方面,也是养分管理的基础。施肥后几天内和稻麦轮作间隙是养分流失的重要时期,降水对养分流失起到促进作用。大部分地区钾素投入不足成为影响稻麦产量的重要原因,而增加钾肥、绿肥或有机肥是补充钾素的重要措施。小麦对肥料的依赖程度大于水稻。环境养分也是农田养分中的重要组成部分,在施肥决策中应予以考虑。过量施肥将导致肥料利用率明显下降,适当减少当前习惯肥料用量在生产上是经济的,有机无机配施、绿肥、秸秆还田、基于作物养分吸收规律施肥等都是优化施肥结构的重要措施。在今后,应着重研究绿肥、秸秆还田、新型肥料、保护性耕作在稻麦轮作中的养分管理技术与应用。
This paper reviewed the rice and wheat rotation from two aspects of nutrient cycling and nutrient management. The results showed that crop nutrient uptake is an important aspect of nutrient cycling in rice and wheat farmland, and is also the basis of nutrient management. Within a few days after fertilization and rice and wheat rotation gap is an important period of nutrient loss, precipitation on nutrient loss play a catalytic role. Inadequate potassium input in most areas has become an important factor affecting the yield of rice and wheat, and increasing potassium, green manure or organic fertilizer is an important measure to supplement potassium. Wheat is more dependent on fertilizers than rice. Environmental nutrients are also an important part of farmland nutrients and should be considered in fertilization decisions. Excessive fertilization will lead to a marked decline in the utilization of fertilizers. It is economical to reduce the amount of currently used fertilizer properly in production. Organic-inorganic fertilizers, green manure, straw returning to field and fertilizer application based on crop nutrient absorption are all important measures to optimize fertilization structure. In the future, we should focus on nutrient management techniques and applications of green manure, straw returning, new fertilizers and conservation tillage in rice and wheat rotation.