甘肃南部农区和半农半牧区的藏族民居,多半为土木结构平顶建筑。现存旧有农居一般建在避风向阳,较为平缓山坡上,布局多为层选式。自前而后,有前院畜圈,穿堂过道至二层平顶楼房,紧贴二层楼房后面的则是半地穴式的“马康”及后院。 所谓“马康”,即在平缓山坡中挖出平台,后墙均为粘土夯筑而成。典型的“马康”面宽四间,进深二间,其内木柱支撑,分为两部,左侧用木板隔成一间马厩,右侧则为三间居室。居室一角为连锅坑,锅灶和暖坑相连,作饭煮茶,烟火穿坑而过,既可炊事又能达到暖坑的目的。“马康”四周不开窗,只在前墙一侧开单扇小门,屋顶开天窗,光线尤显不足。这种间连间、房连房、楼居、平顶高低错落的格局,结构严整紧凑。据说“马康”除冬暖夏凉,适合藏族席地而坐的生活习俗外,还具有很强的防御能力。 The Tibetan dwellings in the farming areas and semi-agricultural and semi-pastoral areas in southern Gansu Province are mostly flat-slab buildings with civil engineering structures. The existing old farmhouses are generally built on a sheltered, sunny side, and they are mostly on gentle slopes. The layout is mostly layered. From the front to the back, there were front yard pens and a hallway to the second floor of the flat-top floor. Close to the second floor was a semi-pitched “Ma Kang” and backyard. The so-called “Ma Kang” is to dig platforms in a gentle slope, and the back wall is made of clay. The typical “Ma Kang” has four widths, two deep into the deep, with wooden pillars supporting it, divided into two parts. The left side is divided into a stable with a wooden board, and the right side is a three bedroom. The corner of the living room is connected to the pot pit. The pot stove is connected to the warm pit. The tea is used for cooking and the fire passes through the pit. This can be used to achieve the purpose of warming the pit. “Ma Kang” does not open its windows around, but only opens a small single door on the side of the front wall. The roof opens a skylight, and the light is not enough. This pattern of inter-connected rooms, room-to-room units, building units, and flat-top units are tightly and compactly constructed. It is said that “Makang” is not only cool in winter and cool in summer, but also suitable for Tibetans to sit on the living customs, but also has a strong defensive ability.