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书画,尤其是绘画,作为一门艺术,在世界其它地区,往往为画家、画工所专擅。然而在古代中国,书画艺术并非为职业书画家、画工拥有。不仅封建文人大部分沉浸于书法艺术,而且书画流被之广,三教九流为之感染。 一 中国自古崇尚文化,讲求“知书达理”。历代封建君主多喜欢附庸“风雅”。早在公元前140年,汉武帝就创置“秘阁”,搜求天下法书名画。此后,历朝均有购求书画的专门机构,购求遂成制度。南北朝战乱,书画佚亡无计。隋朝初建,隋文帝即在观文殿后建二台,“东日妙楷台,藏自古法书,西日宝迹台,收自古名画”。以后每当新朝建立,必先求访图画书籍。宋太平兴国间,“诏天下郡县,搜访前哲墨迹图画。”忽必烈入主中原,也不能不受汉族风气影响,设“群玉内司”,职掌收藏图书。上行下效,士大夫、商贾也争相购求书画。尤其是北宋宣和之后,宫廷收藏由于帝王恩赐或群臣营私偷窃,不少流散于士大夫和商贾手中,私人收藏益富,于是书画买卖,交换活动逐渐盛行,书画购求开始社会化。
Calligraphy and painting, especially painting, as an art, are often painters and painters in other parts of the world. However, in ancient China, the art of painting and calligraphy was not owned by professional painters and calligraphers. Not only feudal literati are mostly immersed in calligraphy, but also the flow of calligraphy and painting is widely spread among them. Since ancient times, China advocates culture and emphasizes “reasonable knowledge of the book.” Feudal feudal monarchs like vassals “elegance”. As early as 140 BC, Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty set up “secret pavilion” and searched for world famous calligraphy and painting. Since then, the calendar have been buying specialized painting and calligraphy, purchase Sui Cheng system. Northern and Southern Dynasties chaos, calligraphy and painting lost countless. At the beginning of Sui Dynasty, Sui Wendi was built in the Temple after the Observatory, two, “the East Kai Miao Taiwan, possession of the ancient method book, Western Japan Treasure Taiwan, received ancient paintings.” After each new DPRK established, must first visit the picture books. Song Taiping rejuvenating the country, “Chao world counties, to visit the former Tsz ink drawings.” Kublai Khan into the Central Plains, nor can not be affected by the Han ethos, set up “group jade Division”, in charge of collecting books. Up and down, scholar, merchants also vying for the purchase of calligraphy and painting. In particular, after the Northern Song Dynasty declared publications, the court collections were either steeped in secrets by the emperor or by the masses. Many of them were scattered in the hands of wushu and merchants and privately-collected ones. Therefore, trading in paintings and calligraphies was gradually gaining popularity and the demand for calligraphy and paintings began to be socialized.